A role of territory formation in disruption of heterologous pairings in Drosophila male meiosis

Pairings between heterologous chromosomes in meiosis can lead to nondisjunction and the production of aneuploid gametes. To minimize these aberrant outcomes, organisms have evolved mechanisms to disrupt such improper pairings prior to orientation and segregation. In the male fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, bivalents segregate to distinct nuclear domains in prophase I, and it has been proposed that the formation of these distinct territories may play a role in disrupting interactions between limited homologies on heterologous chromosomes. To test this, we used fluorescent in situ hybridization to examine pairing between the X chromosome and Dp(1;3) chromosomes in which a segment of the X had been transposed to chromosome 3. We found that 120kb of homology was sufficient to insure nearly complete pairing but was not sufficient to direct merotelic segregation of the paired elements, suggesting that such pairings were being disrupted. We compared the perdurance of X / Dp(1;3) pairings to that of X / Dp(1;Y) pairings (in which homologs are paired),and found that heterologous pairings were disrupted at a higher frequency at the S2b stage of prophase I, the stage at which territory formation is initiated. Our results support the model that movement of bivalents into distinct domains in prophase I provides a mechanism to disrupt pairings between limited regions of homology, and thus may be one means of preventing improper segregation of heterologs in this organism.

Spatial organization of administration building in Leningrad

The administrative building, built in Leningrad in the 1930s, is an example of Soviet buildings unique from the point of view of their functional purpose. This building, a central element of the Moskovskii region (Lerningrad) is designed with regard to the urban spatial organization. The results of this study can be used in the design of new administration buildings in the country. The history of the territory formation is considered, and a graphical analysis is utilized as the main analytical approach. Based on the gathered experience and the obtained results, the quality of the modern administration buildings can be significantly improved. The paper proposes to create a specific territory around the administrative building of the Moskovskii region that can be used more appropriately.

Traditional geraizeiros communities in brazil territory: formation, identity and culture

In the Brazilian territory, as well as in the territories of Latin American countries (although it has greater ethnic and cultural diversity than other countries), it has in its history a trajectory in the formation of the Brazilian people who carry the presence of diversity in their company. In Brazil, indigenous people reach more than 300 ethnic groups, as native peoples and other groups of individuals generally limited as traditional communities, among them quilombolas, fishermen, riverside dwellers, caiçaras, babassu coconut breakers, communities grazing land, rubber tapper communities and the farmers. The identification of the breeding community has been sculpted over the course of centuries, passing from generation to generation, being the object of research of some scientific research works by universities and research groups in graduate programs. This work brings results of academic works concluded and that understand as a problem: “having its specific tradition and culture, but being in different regions, how can a traditional community of farmers be established?”. The work describes the identity of traditional breeder communities and mentions the existence of these communities in territories in other regions of Brazil.

Territorial organization of confessional space of the Western regions of Ukraine

The study is devoted to the coverage of the territorial organization of the modern confessional space of the regions of Western Ukraine, which was formed under the influence of complex historical and geographical factors, namely the formation of Ukraine, socio-political life of individual regions, the influence of Western civilization, national liberation movements, ethnic composition and more. The Western Ukrainian region, to which we include 8 oblasts, namely: Zakarpattia, Lviv, Volyn, Rivne, Ternopil, Ivano-Frankivsk, Chernivtsi and Khmelnytskyi, is distinguished by a high level of religious mosaic and activity of the population, which is manifested in high rates of provision with religious communities and organizations, a high proportion of those who consider themselves believers and attend worship services weekly or at least once a month, and other indicators. It is interesting that in the territory of Western Ukraine such historical and geographical lands are separated as Volyn, Zakarpattia, Halychyna, Northern Bukovina, Southern Bukovina, part of Dorohoishchyna and Podillya, which certainly emphasizes this region as special for studying the geographical features of the formation of confessional space. Orthodoxy in the study region predominates in Chernivtsi, Khmelnytskyi, Volyn, Rivne, and Zakarpattia oblasts, and Greek Catholicism predominates in Halychyna (Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv, and Ternopil oblasts). It is interesting that Roman Catholics are quite prominent in the confessional structure in the Khmelnytskyi oblast, where Poles occupy a significant share in the ethnic structure. Protestantism is present in all regions, but it is most concentrated in Volyn and Northern Bessarabia. In Zakarpattia oblast there is a separate denomination – the Transcarpathian Reformed Church, which is mainly professed by Hungarians. It is established that the confessional space differs not so much by administrative-territorial boundaries as by historical-geographical regions, which confirms the idea of the main influence on the process of its formation of historical-geographical features of territory formation, ethnic composition, demographic processes and other socio-political factors.

Religious component of ethnocultural development of polyetnic region of Chernivtsi oblast

In this article the author considers territorial differences in the formation of the religious component of ethnocultural development of Chernivtsi oblast, which is distinguished by its ethnical contact, polyethnicity and transboundariness. Its territory is home to more than 130 ethnic groups, and Ukrainians, Romanians and Moldovans border on densely populated areas. Also unique is the fact that there are two historical and geographical regions of Ukrainians – Northern Bukovina and Northern Bessarabia, as well as parts of the Romanian historical and geographical region – Dorogoy region. In the territory of Northern Bukovina, namely in its mountainous parts, the population belongs to the ethnographic group – Hutsuls, who formed and preserved their ethnic culture. The years of Ukraine’s independence have been marked by complex transformational processes that happened in many spheres of society: changes in state institutions, political system, property issues, ethnocultural development of the regions, and so on. The moral principles and priorities of both society as a whole and the individual began to differ significantly from the values ​​of the previous generation. There have been radical changes in the religious sphere, as an integral part of the life of any society, one of the important social institutions of the Ukrainian people. The functions and social significance of religion have changed to some extent. Thus, S. Zdioruk defines the social significance of religion "not only by its spiritual or metacultural influence, but also by active political, social and economic activities both in the process of ethnogenesis and the creation and development of the state." This usually indicates the importance of taking into account the religious factor in the formation of regional development, including ethnocultural, which is the basis for the development of tourism, arts, culture and other sectors of the economy. The article deepens the theoretical and methodological principles of socio-geographical study of ethnocultural development, analyzes the religious component, traces the influence of territory formation and other historical factors on the formation of religious space, its material and spiritual component.

Chromosome territory formation attenuates the translocation potential of cells

The formation and spatial arrangement of chromosome territories (CTs) in interphase has been posited to influence the outcome and frequency of genomic translocations. This is supported by correlations between the frequency of inter-chromosomal contacts and translocation events in myriad systems. However, it remains unclear if CT formation itself influences the translocation potential of cells. We address this question in Drosophila cells by modulating the level of Condensin II, which regulates CT organization. Using whole-chromosome Oligopaints to identify genomic rearrangements, we find that increased contact frequencies between chromosomes due to Condensin II knockdown leads to an increased propensity to form translocations following DNA damage. Moreover, Condensin II over-expression is sufficient to drive spatial separation of CTs and attenuate the translocation potential of cells. Together, these results provide the first causal evidence that proper CT formation can protect the genome from potentially deleterious translocations in the presence of DNA damage.

A mechanistic, stigmergy model of territory formation in asocial animals: Territorial behavior can dampen disease prevalence but increase persistence

Mechanistic portrayals of how animals form and maintain territories remain rare, and as a discipline, collective movement ecology has tended to focus on synergistic (e.g., migration, shoaling) rather than agonistic or territorial interactions. Here we ask how dynamic territory formation and maintenance might contribute to disease dynamics in an asocial territorial animal for an indirectly transmitted pathogen. We developed a mechanistic individual-based model where stigmergy—the deposition of signals into the environment (e.g., scent marking, scraping)—dictates not only local movement choices and long-term territory formation, but also the risk of pathogen transmission. Based on a variable importance analysis, the length of the infectious period was the single most important variable in predicting outbreak success, maximum prevalence, and outbreak duration. Population size and rate of pathogen decay were also key predictors. We found that territoriality best reduced maximum prevalence in conditions where we would otherwise expect outbreaks to be most successful: slower recovery rates (i.e., longer infectious periods) and higher conspecific densities. However, at high enough densities, outbreak duration became considerably more variable. Our findings therefore support a limited version of the “territoriality benefits” hypothesis—where reduced home range overlap leads to reduced opportunities for pathogen transmission, but with the caveat that reduction in outbreak severity may increase the likelihood of pathogen persistence. For longer infectious periods and higher host densities, key trade-offs emerged between the strength of pathogen load, strength of the stigmergy cue, and the rate at which those two quantities decayed; this finding raises interesting questions about the evolutionary nature of these competing processes and the role of possible feedbacks between parasitism and territoriality. This work also highlights the importance of considering social cues as part of the movement landscape in order to improve our understanding of the consequences of individual behaviors on population level outcomes.Author summaryMaking decisions about conservation and disease management relies on our understanding of what allows animal populations to be successful. However, movement ecology, as a field, tends to focus on how animals respond to their abiotic environment. Similarly, disease ecology often focuses on the social behavior of animals without accounting for their individual movement patterns. We developed a simulation model that bridges these two fields by allowing hosts to inform their movement based on the past trajectories of other hosts. As hosts navigate their environment, they leave behind a scent trail while avoiding the scent trails of other individuals. We wanted to know if this means of territory formation could heighten or dampen disease spread when infectious hosts leave pathogens in their wake. We found that territoriality could inhibit disease spread under conditions that we would normally expect pathogens to be most successful: where there are many hosts on the landscape and hosts stay infectious for longer. This work points to how incorporating movement behavior into disease models can provide improved understanding of how diseases spread in wildlife populations; such understanding is particularly important in the face of combatting ongoing and emerging infectious diseases.