The Mechanical Behavior of a Multispring System Revealing Absurdity in the Relativistic Force Transformation

The mechanical motion of a system consisting of simple springs is investigated from the viewpoint of two inertial observers with a relativistic relative velocity. It is shown that the final displacement of the springs is not measured the same by the observers. Indeed, it is demonstrated that there is an incompatibility between kinematics and dynamics in Einstein’s relativity regarding the force transformation.

Phase transformation and subsurface damage formation in the ultrafine machining process of a diamond substrate through atomistic simulation

This report explores the effects of machining depth, velocity, temperature, multi-machining, and grain size on the tribological properties of a diamond substrate. The results show that the appearance of graphite atoms can assist the machining process as it reduces the force. Moreover, the number of graphite atoms relies on the machining speed and substrate temperature improvement caused by the friction force. Besides, machining in a machined surface for multi-time is affected by its rough, amorphous, and deformed surface. Therefore, machining in the vertical direction for multi-time leads to a higher rate of deformation but a reduction in the rate of graphite atoms generation. Increasing the grain size could produce a larger graphite cluster, a higher elastic recovery rate, and a higher temperature but a lower force and pile-up height. Because the existence of the grain boundaries hinders the force transformation process, and the reduction in the grain size can soften the diamond substrate material.

Uniformity, Periodicity and Symmetry Characteristics of Forces Fluctuation in Helical-Edge Milling Cutter

Under most processing conditions, the milling force is expected to be stable and not to fluctuate, in order to improve the processing quality. This study focuses on analyzing the force fluctuation characteristics under conditions of different processing and cutter parameters. An original model is proposed to predict the force fluctuation during the milling process of a helical-edge cutter. At the same time, three force fluctuation characteristics related to the axial cutting depth and cutter parameters are determined: uniformity, periodicity and symmetry. The corresponding mathematical derivation and proof method are given for the first time through a force transformation of projecting the superposition chip thickness on a virtual cutting edge. On this basis, a fast estimation method and an accurate simulation method for force fluctuation prediction are established to quantify the intensity of force fluctuations under different parameters. Both two prediction methods and the experimental cutting tests validate the proposed theory effectively. The result shows a high potential of the proposed theory for studying the force behavior under different milling parameters or cutter parameters and at least 75% of the test workload can be reduced.

Questions on the Hungarian Helicopter Force Transformation

For more than a half a century, the Hungarian Defence Forces have been using helicoptersdesigned and built in the former Soviet Union. Naturally, operators have gained a lot of experience over the decades, but the whole system has also anchored the pilot training system and maintenance method. Now that the government has decided to procure new western designed helicopters, all of these must be left behind. The Hungarian operators need to learn that new operating philosophy which will definitely pose many challenges toward the pilots and maintainers. In this study, I would like to point out these challenges.

The Overall Synthesis of Mechanical Configuration, Dimension and Performance Design Based on State Space Method

In order to study the qualitative and quantitative relationship of the configuration characteristics of motion / force transformation (transmission), the dimension and the performance of motion and force, this paper extends the configuration synthesis of mechanical system to the state space method for the integration synthesis of mechanism configuration, scale and performance. By defining the basic function / performance transformation mechanism, extracting the dual state vector of the input and output performance of mechanism unit, discussing the state space property of mechanism combination (system) including mechanism configuration subspace, mechanism dimension subspace, and performance transformation subspace of mechanism motion / force, and investigating the spatial measurement of mechanism motion / force transformation, the measurement model of mechanical system is established. The motion design of mechanical system is transformed into the problem of finding a connected path (or path planning problem) between two given vectors: input and output dual vector. Finally, an actual example is given to show the details.