Characterization of Air Pollution in Pre-COVID 19 Time Using the IVE Model Applied to Mobile Sources in Urban Areas

In this article we present the design of effective control strategies (IVE Model), to predict atmospheric pollutants, greenhouse gases and toxins, from mobile sources, made up of 800 motorized vehicles, obtained from the records of the transport office of the Provincial Municipality of Ica. through an inventory of emissions from mobile sources, emission factors, activity and distribution of the vehicle fleet. The results obtained are Carbon Monoxide (CO, 23235.23 t/year), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC: 12123.55 t / year), Nitrogen Oxides (Nox: 361.76 t/year), Evaporative Volatile Organic Compounds (COVevap: 455.2 t / year), Particulate Material (PM: 361.76 t / year) and Sulfur Oxides (Sox: 50.75 t / year). Where the highest CO emissions are cars and motorcycles, representing 45.72% and 36% of the total CO emissions released in the study area. It is concluded that prevention measures and actions such as transport management, control of vehicular emissions, promotion of the use of clean fuels, as a way of mitigating the atmospheric pollutants that could be generated, be established.

Unregulated Emissions from Natural Gas Taxi Based on IVE Model

Emissions from motor vehicles have gained the attention of government agencies. To alleviate air pollution and reduce the petroleum demand from vehicles in China, the policy of “oil to gas” was vigorously carried out. Qingdao began to promote the use of natural gas vehicles (NGVs) in 2003. By the end of 2016, there were 9460 natural gas (NG) taxis in Qingdao, which accounted for 80% of the total taxis. An understanding of policy implementation for emission reductions is required. Experiments to obtain the taxi driving conditions and local parameters were investigated and an international vehicle emissions (IVE) localization model was established. Combined with vehicle mass analysis system (VMAS) experiments, the IVE localization model was amended and included the taxi pollutant emission factors. The result indicates that annual total carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from actual taxis are 6411.87 t, carbureted hydrogen (HC) emissions are 124.85 t, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions are 1397.44 t and particulate matter (PM) emissions are 8.9 t. When the taxis are running on pure natural gas, the annual emissions of CO, HC, NOx and PM are 4942.3 t, 48.15 t, 1496.01 t and 5.13 t, respectively. Unregulated emissions of annual total formaldehydes, benzene, acetaldehyde, 1,3-butadience emissions from an actual taxi are 65.99 t, 4.68 t, 1.04 t and 8.83 t. When the taxi is running on pure natural gas, the above unregulated emissions are 12.11 t, 1.27 t, 1.5 t and 0.02 t, respectively.

Assessment of Different Methods in Analyzing Motor Vehicle Emission Factors

To explore the emission characteristics of vehicle’s pollutants is of great significance to prevent and control the diffusion of pollutants. Limited by geographic location and economic condition, the models- and guidelines-based studies on vehicle’s emission factor have become more concerned measures than the actual measurement. By analyzing the actual operating conditions of motor vehicles, this study obtain the emission factors of typical pollutants from different motor vehicles by adopting international vehicle emission (IVE) model and guideline method, respectively. Furthermore, the resulting emission factors by the above methods were compared and analyzed with on-road method. The results show that: (1) the emission factors of vehicle pollutants change regularly with velocity, emission standard and accumulated mileage. Taking CO as an example, its emission factor shows a downward trend with the increase of velocity and emission standard, and an upward trend with the increase of accumulated mileage; (2) Compared with the actual measurement, the vehicle emission factor obtained by the guideline method has a large error, while the IVE model is close to the actual.

Inventarisasi Emisi Pencemar Kriteria dan Gas Rumah Kaca dari Sektor Transportasi On-Road di Kota Bandung menggunakan Model International Vehicle Emissions (IVE)

AbstrakPerkembangan Kota Bandung berimplikasi terhadap pesatnya pertumbuhan aktivitas transportasi. Akibatnya, terjadi peningkatan emisi kendaraan bermotor secara kontinu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengestimasi beban emisi pencemar kriteria dan gas rumah kaca dari sektor transportasi on-road di Kota Bandung, khususnya untuk truk. Estimasi beban emisi diperoleh dari hasil simulasi model IVE untuk menghasilkan faktor emisi lokal komposit disertai dengan pembaruan pada jumlah registrasi seluruh jenis kendaraan di Kota Bandung. Beban emisi total tahunan paling dominan yang dihasilkan dari aktivitas transportasi di Kota Bandung tahun 2019 yakni 5.286.612,81 ton/tahun (94,48%) CO2; 254.378,9 ton/tahun (4,55%) CO; dan 35.501,65 ton/tahun (0,63%) NOx dengan kontribusi terbesar berasal dari (98,9%) emisi running. Moda transportasi yang menyumbang proporsi emisi total terbesar berasal dari 43,4% mobil pribadi, 27,8% truk, 17,1% sepeda motor, dan 10,1% berasal dari bus.Kata kunci: Aktivitas Transportasi, Model International Vehicle Emissions (IVE), Beban EmisiAbstractThe development of Bandung city has affected the level of community mobilization needs, which has implications for the rapid growth of transportation activities. As a result, an increase in motor vehicle emissions continues to have an impact on decreasing air quality in Bandung city. This study aims to estimate emission load of criteria pollutant and greenhouse gases from the on-road transportation sector, especially for trucks. Emission load estimates are obtained from the results of the IVE model simulation to generate composite local emission factors accompanied by updates on current registration numbers of vehicles in Bandung city. The most dominant total annual emission load generated from all type of fleets in Bandung city in 2019 was 5,286,612.81 tons/year (94.48%) CO2; 254,378.9 tons/year (4.55%) CO; and 35,501.65 tons/year (0.63%) NOx, with the largest contribution coming from running emissions. Major transportation modes that accounted for the largest proportion of total emissions came from 43.4% of private cars, 27.8% of trucks, 17.1% of motorbikes and 10.1% of buses. Keywords: Transportation Activities, International Vehicle Emissions (IVE) Model, Emission Load

Co-Benefits of Climate Change Mitigation for Public Transport in Different Cities of Vietnam

Potentiality of co-benefits for public transport at cities of different grades in Vietnam namely Ho Chi Minh city (special city), Da Nang (centrally-run grade I city) and Vinh (grade I city under the province) in 2013 was studied. Taxis in Da Nang and Vinh, and buses in Ho Chi Minh City were selected for the study. A same methodology was used for all cities. In each city, three areas and nine routes in inner city were selected for conducting this study. Information on the technical conditions of vehicles was collected by questionnaires. Traffic volume was determined by vehicle counting. The real–world driving data of vehicles were recorded by GPS technology. All collected data were processed to generate input files to run IVE model associated with base state and three proposed scenarios of climate change mitigation. Emission factors (EF) of air pollutants for these transport means were determined. Co-benefits of climate, air quality and health for the scenarios in three cities were assessed. The obtained results in this study can be used as a scientific basis for integrated air quality management in the cities in general and for air pollution control of public transport in particular. co-benefits, public transport, emission factor, IVE model, Vietnam.

HEALTH CO-BENEFITS OF CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION FOR THE BUS SYSTEM OF HANOI

The real–world driving data of the five bus routes of Hanoi, namely No. 9, 18, 25, 32 and 33, were collected using a GPS with the update rate of 1 Hz. GPS data were processed and used to simulate the emission by IVE model for the base state and three scenarios of air pollution control of Hanoi bus system. Co-benefits of climate, air quality and health were deternined. The obtained results show that either the fuel switching or the tightening of emission standards bring significant benefits of environment and health.

THE DETERMINATION OF DRIVING CHARACTERISTICS OF HANOI BUS SYSTEM AND THEIR IMPACTS ON THE EMISSION

A GPS with the update rate of 1 Hz was used to collect the real–world driving data of the five bus routes of Hanoi, namely No. 9, 18, 25, 32 and 33, on weekdays and weekends. GPS data were processed and used to simulate the emission by IVE model. The driving characteristics of Hanoi bus system and their impacts on the emission were determined. Results obtained shown that the real –world driving characteristics are different from area to area and affect the emissions of vehicles. This paper, therefore, reconfirms the necessarity of the development of the typical driving cycle before conducting the emission inventory for mobile sources.