scholarly journals Unregulated Emissions from Natural Gas Taxi Based on IVE Model

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 478
Author(s):  
Hong Zhao ◽  
Liang Mu ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Junzheng Qiu ◽  
Chuanlong Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Localization Model ◽  
Annual Total ◽  
Hc Emissions ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Unregulated Emissions ◽  
Ive Model

Emissions from motor vehicles have gained the attention of government agencies. To alleviate air pollution and reduce the petroleum demand from vehicles in China, the policy of “oil to gas” was vigorously carried out. Qingdao began to promote the use of natural gas vehicles (NGVs) in 2003. By the end of 2016, there were 9460 natural gas (NG) taxis in Qingdao, which accounted for 80% of the total taxis. An understanding of policy implementation for emission reductions is required. Experiments to obtain the taxi driving conditions and local parameters were investigated and an international vehicle emissions (IVE) localization model was established. Combined with vehicle mass analysis system (VMAS) experiments, the IVE localization model was amended and included the taxi pollutant emission factors. The result indicates that annual total carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from actual taxis are 6411.87 t, carbureted hydrogen (HC) emissions are 124.85 t, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions are 1397.44 t and particulate matter (PM) emissions are 8.9 t. When the taxis are running on pure natural gas, the annual emissions of CO, HC, NOx and PM are 4942.3 t, 48.15 t, 1496.01 t and 5.13 t, respectively. Unregulated emissions of annual total formaldehydes, benzene, acetaldehyde, 1,3-butadience emissions from an actual taxi are 65.99 t, 4.68 t, 1.04 t and 8.83 t. When the taxi is running on pure natural gas, the above unregulated emissions are 12.11 t, 1.27 t, 1.5 t and 0.02 t, respectively.

Efficiency of Advanced Ground Transportation Technologies

2002 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Kreith ◽  
Ron E. West ◽  
Beth E. Isler
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Fuel Cycle ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Transportation Technologies ◽  
Methanol Fuel Cell

This paper presents thermodynamic analyses of ten different scenarios for using natural gas to power motor vehicles. Specifically, it presents a comparison between different types of automotive vehicles using fuels made from natural gas feedstock. In comparing the various fuel-vehicle options, a complete well-to-wheel fuel cycle is considered. This approach starts with the well at which the feedstock is first extracted from the ground and ends with the power finally delivered to the wheels of the vehicle. This all-inclusive comparison is essential in order to accurately and fairly compare the transportation options. This study indicates that at the present time hybrid-electric vehicles, particularly those using diesel components, can achieve the highest efficiency among available technologies using natural gas as the primary energy source. Hydrogen spark ignition, all-electric battery-powered, and methanol fuel cell vehicles rank lowest in well-to-wheel efficiency because of their poor fuel production efficiencies.

scholarly journals Catalytic production of low-carbon footprint sustainable natural gas

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoqin Si ◽  
Rui Lu ◽  
Zhitong Zhao ◽  
Xiaofeng Yang ◽  
Feng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Biological Process ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Carbon Yield ◽  
Gas Products ◽  
Forestry Residues ◽  
Solid Biomass

AbstractNatural gas is one of the foremost basic energy sources on earth. Although biological process appears as promising valorization routes to transfer biomass to sustainable methane, the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass is the major limitation for the production of mixing gas to meet the natural gas composition of pipeline transportation. Here we develop a catalytic-drive approach to directly transfer solid biomass to bio-natural gas which can be suitable for the current infrastructure. A catalyst with Ni2Al3 alloy phase enables nearly complete conversion of various agricultural and forestry residues, the total carbon yield of gas products reaches up to 93% after several hours at relative low-temperature (300 degrees Celsius). And the catalyst shows powerful processing capability for the production of natural gas during thirty cycles. A low-carbon footprint is estimated by a preliminary life cycle assessment, especially for the low hydrogen pressure and non-fossil hydrogen, and technical economic analysis predicts that this process is an economically competitive production process.

scholarly journals A Human Health Toxicity Assessment of Biogas Engines Regulated and Unregulated Emissions

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
pp. 7048
Author(s):  
Alarico Macor ◽  
Alberto Benato
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Human Health Damage ◽  
Dioxins And Furans ◽  
Health Damage ◽  
Unregulated Emissions ◽  
Biogas Engines

The aim of the work is to evaluate the damage to human health arising from emissions of in-operation internal combustion engines fed by biogas. The need of including also unregulated emissions like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), aldehydes and dioxins and furans is twofold: (i) to cover the lack in biogas engine emissions measurements and (ii) to complete the picture on biogas harmfulness to human health by identifying the substances with the highest impact. To this purpose, an experimental campaign is conducted on six biogas engines and one fed by natural gas all characterised by an electric power of 999 kWel. Collected data are used to perform an impact analysis on human health combining the Health Impact Assessment and the Risk Assessment. Measurements show that PAHs, aldehydes and diossin and furans are almost always below the detection limit, in both biogas and natural gas exhausts. The carcinogenic risk analysis of PAHs for the two fuels established their substantial equivalence. The analysis of equivalent toxicity of dioxins and furans reveals that biogas is, on average, 10 times more toxic than natural gas. Among regulated emissions, NOx in the biogas engines exhausts are three times higher than those of natural gas. They are the main contributors to human health damage, with approximately 90% of the total. SOx ranks second and accounts for about 6% of the total damage. Therefore, (i) the contribution to human health damage of unregulated emissions is limited compared to the damage from unregulated emissions, (ii) the damage per unit of electricity of biogas engines exhausts is about three times higher than that of natural gas and it is directly linked to NOx, (iii) obtaining a good estimation of the human health damage from both biogas and natural gas engines emissions is enough of a reason to consider NOx and SOx.

Complex analysis focused on influence of biodiesel and its mixture on regulated and unregulated emissions of motor vehicles with the aim to protect air quality and environment

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 855-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Puškár ◽  
Andrej Jahnátek ◽  
Ivan Kuric ◽  
Jaroslava Kádárová ◽  
Melichar Kopas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Unregulated Emissions

scholarly journals Multi-Objective Optimization of a Regional Water–Energy–Food System Considering Environmental Constraints: A Case Study of Inner Mongolia, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (18) ◽  
pp. 6834
Author(s):  
Junfei Chen ◽  
Tonghui Ding ◽  
Ming Li ◽  
Huimin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Food System ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Basic Material ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Multi Objective Programming

Water, energy, and food, as the basic material resources of human production and life, play a prominent role in social and economic development. As the imbalance between the supply and demand of water, energy, and food increases, a highly sensitive and fragile relationship gradually forms among water, energy, and food. In this paper, Inner Mongolia in China is selected as a research area. Firstly, synergy theory is applied to establish the framework of a water–energy–food system. Then, a multi-objective programming model is constructed, where the objective functions are defined to minimize the integrated deviation degree and pollutant emissions of the water–energy–food system. Meanwhile, maximization of the water benefit, energy production, and food production is also considered. In addition, the model takes economy, environment, water, energy, and food as constraints. Finally, a genetic algorithm is designed for accurately assessing the most promising results. The results show that the cooperation degree of the water–energy–food system in Inner Mongolia is getting better and better, and the pollutant emission from the water–energy–food system is decreasing. In 2020, the proportion of agricultural water consumption fell by 1%, while that of industrial water consumption rose by 0.48%. The production of coal, natural gas, and power are all showing an increasing trend. Among them, the increase of natural gas production is as high as 38,947,730 tons of standard coal. However, the proportions of coal, natural gas, and power change inconsistently, where the proportions of coal and natural gas increase while that of power decreases. Corn production accounts for more than 80% of the total, which is in the eldest brother position in the food industry structure. Besides, there are differences between the planned values and optimal values of decision variables. Finally, suggestions are put forward to improve the sustainable development of water–energy–food in Inner Mongolia.

Effects of Fuel Quality on Gaseous Emissions From an 8.9L Spark-Ignited Natural Gas Engine Operated Over Prime-Mover Cycles for Unconventional Well Development

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Johnson ◽  
Marc Besch ◽  
Robert Heltzel ◽  
Sashank Jammalamadaka
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Prime Mover ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Prime Movers ◽  
Well Development ◽  
Hc Emissions ◽  
Additional Fuel

Technology developments in directional drilling and hydraulic fracturing have led to increased natural gas reserves. Development of these unconventional resources is an energy intensive process. Prime-movers of unconventional well development were previously identified to be over-the-road trucks, drilling engines, and hydraulic stimulation engines. Diesel engines dominate these markets but industry is attempting to cut costs by using dual fuel and dedicated natural gas engines. On-road engines are subject to the transient FTP cycle for certification and off-road engines are subject to the 5-mode ISO 8178 D-2 cycle. It is well known that in-use activity can differ from certification activity. Significant in-use activity data for each prime-mover were collected and a Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo Simulation with a genetic algorithm was used to develop test cycles for each. The developed test cycles allowed for operation of a smaller yet similar engine within a controlled laboratory environment. Laboratory tests utilized a Cummins 8.9L ISL-G to analyze the emissions of new cycles compared to certification cycles and to examine the effects of fuel quality on emissions. The ISL-G is a spark-ignited engine used for heavy-duty trucks and could see market penetration in fleets serving the well development industry. It is similar in technology to the Waukesha LI7044, which is used in drilling operations — both employ air fuel ratio control and three-way catalysts. For the case of “pump” quality fuel, compressed natural gas was used. The developed OTR truck cycle produced higher brake-specific emissions of CO2, CO, NOx, and lower HC emissions compared to the FTP. The drilling and fracturing cycles tended to have lower CO2 and HC emissions but higher CO emissions when compared to the D-2 cycle. Two additional fuel blends were used on the new cycles and represented blends with higher ethane and propane fractions — which are common to shale gases that could fuel prime-movers in the future. The minimum recommended methane number for this engine was 75 and additional fuel blends had methane numbers of 75.5 (propane blend) and 75.3 (ethane blend). As expected, CO2 emissions increased with increased alkane concentration, while opposite trends were shown for THC and CH4. NOx emissions also tended to decrease with higher ethane and propane blends, across all cycles. For all cycles and fuels, HC emissions were predominately CH4 - 94–97%. Variations in activity and the effects of different fuels should be addressed when estimating emissions since using standard certification or emissions factors may not be representative of in-use emissions.

scholarly journals Ability of the 4-D-Var analysis of the GOSAT BESD XCO<sub>2</sub> retrievals to characterize atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> at large and synoptic scales

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 1653-1671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sébastien Massart ◽  
Anna Agustí-Panareda ◽  
Jens Heymann ◽  
Michael Buchwitz ◽  
Frédéric Chevallier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Estimation ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Weather Forecasts ◽  
Weather Patterns ◽  
Medium Range ◽  
Frontal Systems ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. This study presents results from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) carbon dioxide (CO2) analysis system where the atmospheric CO2 is controlled through the assimilation of column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of CO2 (XCO2) from the Greenhouse gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT). The analysis is compared to a free-run simulation (without assimilation of XCO2), and they are both evaluated against XCO2 data from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). We show that the assimilation of the GOSAT XCO2 product from the Bremen Optimal Estimation Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (BESD) algorithm during the year 2013 provides XCO2 fields with an improved mean absolute error of 0.6 parts per million (ppm) and an improved station-to-station bias deviation of 0.7  ppm compared to the free run (1.1 and 1.4  ppm, respectively) and an improved estimated precision of 1  ppm compared to the GOSAT BESD data (3.3  ppm). We also show that the analysis has skill for synoptic situations in the vicinity of frontal systems, where the GOSAT retrievals are sparse due to cloud contamination. We finally computed the 10-day forecast from each analysis at 00:00  UTC, and we demonstrate that the CO2 forecast shows synoptic skill for the largest-scale weather patterns (of the order of 1000  km) even up to day 5 compared to its own analysis.

The Advanced Injection Low Pilot Ignited Natural Gas Engine: A Combustion Analysis

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalyan K. Srinivasan ◽  
Sundar R. Krishnan ◽  
Sabir Singh ◽  
K. Clark Midkiff ◽  
Stuart R. Bell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Natural Gas Engines ◽  
Natural Gas Engine ◽  
Unburned Hydrocarbon ◽  
Full Load Operation ◽  
Dual Fuel Engines ◽  
Engine Stability ◽  
Hc Emissions ◽  
Conversion Efficiencies ◽  
Diesel Operation

The Advanced Low Pilot Ignited Natural Gas (ALPING) engine is proposed as an alternative to diesel and conventional dual fuel engines. Experimental results from full load operation at a constant speed of 1700 rev/min are presented in this paper. The potential of the ALPING engine is realized in reduced NOx emissions (less than 0.2 g/kWh) at all loads accompanied by fuel conversion efficiencies comparable to straight diesel operation. Some problems at advanced injection timings are recognized in high unburned hydrocarbon (HC) emissions (25 g/kWh), poor engine stability reflected by high COVimep (about 6 percent), and tendency to knock. This paper focuses on the combustion aspects of low pilot ignited natural gas engines with particular emphasis on advanced injection timings (45°–60°BTDC).

Catalytic Combustion for Ultra-Low Emissions

1994 ◽  
Vol 344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Farrauto ◽  
Matthew Larkin ◽  
James Fu ◽  
Jennifer Feeley
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Thermal Shock ◽  
Catalytic Combustion ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Emerging Technology ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Homogeneous Combustion ◽  
Hc Emissions

AbstractCatalytic combustion is an emerging technology in which fuels can be combusted homogeneously supported by a catalyst. The catalyst allows non-flammable mixtures of fuel and air to be oxidized with the resulting heat generated used to initiate thermal or homogeneous combustion. With the proper catalysts the fuel can be combusted with efficiencies so high that unburned CO or HC emissions are less than 10 ppm. Furthermore, because the fuel-air mixtures are relatively lean compared to conventional processes the adiabatic temperatures are below that required for the formation of NOx i.e. > 1500°C. The success of this technology would eliminate the need for expensive after-treatment of emissions from gas fired power plants and boilers.This is a very demanding application, especially for natural gas fueled combustors, since the catalyst will have to initiate reaction between 400 and 500°C, at linear velocities exceeding 50 ft/sec, and retain its activity after experiencing temperatures up to 1400°C. Furthermore, the monolithic ceramic or metallic support upon which the catalyst is deposited must also retain structural integrity after experiencing high temperatures and severe thermal shock.This paper will describe the fundamental concepts of this new technology, the major technical problems being addressed and the progress being made.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document