Efficacy of Anaesthesia Techniques in Periapical Diseased Tooth

Almost all minor oral surgical procedures can be performed effectively if patient is relaxed and comfortable. One of the contributing factor for patient comfort is effective pain control. This can be achieved pre and per-operatively by various local anaesthetic techniques. Infiltration techniques are commonly employed in all maxillary and mandibular teeth whereas mandibular posterior teeth requires a nerve block. In certain cases, these techniques fails or provide inadequate anaesthesia, for example, teeth associated with periapical pathology. Therefore, we conducted a study to determine effectiveness of infiltration and block techniques as well as when supplemented by intra-ligament injection for anaesthesia in periapical infected teeth. Keywords: anaesthesia, infiltration technique, block technique, intraligamental technique, periapical pathology.

PEG infiltration: an alternative method to obtain thin sections of cacti tissues

Exploring the anatomical variability along the stem of cacti requires obtaining high-quality thin sections from hard and soft tissues. Several embedding, infiltration, and sectioning methods have been applied mainly to investigate the harder stem base of cacti, where thin cross-sections are relatively easy to obtain. However, analyzing the variation of anatomical features along cacti stems remains a challenge. Specifically, at the tip of cacti stems, the soft and water-rich dominant tissues are difficult to infiltrate. Here we show results obtained by adapting polyethylene glycol (PEG) infiltration techniques and present a step-by-step description of a fast and hazardous chemical-free method that allows successful cross-sectioning. This infiltration technique may provide a tool to further explore and quantify xylem anatomical trait variation along stems of a wide range of succulent-stemmed taxa.

A review on infiltration techniques for energy conversion and storage devices: From fundamentals to applications

Infiltration is a facile, effective, intuitive fabrication technique that provides nanostructured surfaces for electrodes and catalysts. This review article systematically summarizes the principles, detailed parameters, and synthesis strategies for the...