Current and Future Costs of Intractable Conflicts—Can They Create Attitude Change?

Members of societies involved in an intractable conflict usually consider costs that stem from the continuation of the conflict as unavoidable and even justify for their collective existence. This perception is well-anchored in widely shared conflict-supporting narratives that motivate them to avoid information that challenges their views about the conflict. However, since providing information about such major costs as a method for moderating conflict-related views has not been receiving much attention, in this research, we explore this venue. We examine what kind of costs, and under what conditions, exposure to major costs of a conflict affects openness to information and conciliatory attitudes among Israeli Jews in the context of the intractable Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Study 1 (N = 255) revealed that interventions based on messages providing information on mental health cost, economic cost, and cost of the conflict to Israeli democracy had (almost) no significant effect on perceptions of the participants of these prices, openness to new information about the conflict, or support for conciliatory policies. However, the existing perceptions that participants had about the cost of the conflict to Israeli democracy were positively associated with openness to alternative information about the conflict and support for conciliatory policies. Therefore, in Study 2 (N = 255), we tested whether providing information about future potential costs to the two fundamental characteristics of Israel, a democracy or a Jewish state, created by the continuation of the conflict, will induce attitude change regarding the conflict. The results indicate that information on the future cost to the democratic identity of Israel significantly affected the attitude of the participants regarding the conflict, while the effect was moderated by the level of religiosity. For secular participants, this manipulation created more openness to alternative information about the conflict and increased support for conciliatory policies, but for religious participants, it backfired. We discuss implications for the role of information about losses and the relationship between religiosity and attitudes regarding democracy and conflict.

A Success of Modified Water Based Mud as Drilling Fluid Optimization to Drill Shale Formation at South-S Wells

This paper is to explain the optimization of using Modified Shale Inhibitor Water Based Mud (WBM) to drill up to 5,500 ft interval of K-formation reactive shale on South-S Gas Wells. By combining a comprehensive method consists of drilling fluid laboratory test and lessons learned in S area, the optimization was done by determining the amount or concentration of Polyamine & KCl combination, pure Polyamine, Polyamine & NaCl combination, and Pure KCl-Polymer in WBM system as a shale inhibitor. The comparison of shale inhibitor compositions were made by comparing the achieved optimization of drilling fluid program such as drilling time, cost economic, and environment aspect. The basic idea of the WBM optimization was to improve drilling time during drill 5,000 ft footage in 12-1/4" hole section in reactive shale formation as per drilling program. Laboratory test consists of Linear swelling meter with various parameter concentration of Polyamine & KCl combination, pure Polyamine, Polyamine & NACl combination, and Pure KCl-Polymer in WBM system as a shale inhibitor and cation exchange capacity test (CEC or MBT) was done using composite of offset well shale cutting. Experience showed that on 12-1/4" hole section, while facing reactive shale (CEC 18 - 24 meq/100 gr) from K-formation on South-S, modified WBM was proven to eliminate reactive shale issues and lead to budget saving without environmental issues.

Economic Evaluation of School Health Programmes: A Mapping Review (2005-2015)

The economic evaluation has gained popularity in recent years but, to be useful, it must be conducted and reported accurately. The aim of this study was to perform a mapping review identifying published articles about economic evaluation of school health programmes, characterizing and qualifying what has been published, and discussing how these studies were conducted. The review was carried out in PubMed for studies published in the past decade. The search strategy included "cost", "economic evaluation", "school health services", "school health", "school health promotion" and "school health program”. Thirty-five studies were assessed. The studies addressed ten different countries and cost-effectiveness was the most economic evaluation used. The narrative synthesis gathered the selected studies in nine groups, demonstrating a high heterogeneity of methods and results in the economic analyzes performed. There is evidence that school health programmes can bring benefits to the target population and society. The gathered information in this article can contribute to performing economic evaluation studies and improving programmes

Confronting medication scarcity in the era of COVID-19

Over the past decade, US patients and clinicians have endured medication shortages of nearly every class, including many lifesaving medications. These shortages have persisted despite determined efforts by federal, academic, and professional organizations. Medication shortages have resulted in lost lives, medication errors, and substantial financial cost. Economic drivers are the primary cause for drug shortages, exacerbated by manufacturing and quality problems, and unreliable and uncertain sources for many raw materials required to synthesize these drugs. Drug shortages force clinicians to make untenable choices and decide which of their patients should receive a lifesaving scarce medication. The COVID-19 pandemic has stressed many hospitals’ ability to provide basic care and aggravated existing drug shortages. The influx of patients suffering from COVID-19 has exposed flaws in the fractured manner in which essential medications reach patients. The unique nature of COVID-19, often requiring prompt and decisive clinical decision-making, challenges the accepted approach for ethical analysis adopted by clinical ethicists. The author, a clinician and bioethicist, notes the ethical challenges he and other frontline providers have faced in deciding which patients are “more deserving” of a scarce medication.

6.3. ИНВЕСТИЦИОННЫЕ РЫЧАГИ МАКСИМИЗАЦИИ СТОИМОСТИ КОМПАНИИ

В статье на основе основных аспектов инвестиционной деятельности промышленного предприятия региона и особенностей его финансирования произведен расчет инвестиционной стоимости, экономической добавленной стоимости. Рассмотрены возможные направления инвестирования и определено, как данные виды инвестиционной деятельности повлияют на структуру и стоимость капитала, инвестиционную стоимость, экономическую добавленную стоимость.In article on the basis of the main aspects of investment activities of the industrial enterprise of the region and features of its financing calculation of investment cost, economic added value is made. The possible directions of investment are considered and it is defined how these types of investment activities will influence structure and cost of the capital, investment cost, economic added value.

ANALISIS HUKUM TERHADAP UPAYA PERLINDUNGAN DAN PEMBERDAYAAN NELAYAN KECIL DAN PEMBUDI DAYA IKAN

Most fishermen and fish breeders live in poverty, are poorly educated and live in an atmosphere of business uncertainty. As part of citizens, they are constitutionally entitled to the protection and empowerment of the state. Therefore, the Republic of Indonesia Law No. 7 of 2016 concerning the Protection and Empowerment of Fishermen, Fish Farmers, and Salt Farmers was born. Two problem statements are raised, namely first; Legis ratio of protection and empowerment of fishermen, and secondly; a form of protection and empowerment of fishers and fish breedersThe research method used is a normative juridical research method because it uses primary and secondary legal materials with a qualitative analysis approach.Based on the results of the study can be concluded first; Legis ratio of protection and empowerment of fishermen and fish cultivators because fishermen and fish breeders are generally categorized as poor, low-educated, and powerless. As part of citizens who are entitled to fair legal recognition, guarantee, protection and certainty, and equal treatment before the law. Philosophically protect fishermen and fish breeders in conducting their business so that they are free or avoiding various problems and subsequently increase capacity in various aspects that benefit them.Both forms of protection for fishermen and fish farmers in the form of providing infrastructure and means of production of business activities, in the form of fishing gear, ships and/or ports, land and water ponds, and irrigation channels, provide guarantees of business certainty, guarantees of risk of catching and cultivating fish and elimination of high-cost economic practices. While the empowerment of fishermen and fish farmers is done by increasing the capacity of fishermen and fish farmers through education and training, fostering a spirit of self-sufficiency through counseling and mentoring, providing opportunities and opportunities for marketing, capital, increasing human resources, providing financing and capital facilities. Keywords; Protection, Empowerment, Fishermen and Fish breeders

Breaking out of the Regulatory Delusion. The Ban to Surrogacy and the Foundations of European Constitutionalism

The transnational market of reproductive services puts a strain on western European States that refuse to acknowledge surrogacy contracts on public policy grounds. The cases decided so far rise three questions. First, under what circumstances foreign surrogacy judgements should be recognised? Second, what would be the constitutional repercussions of the recognition of these judgements? Third, how would it be like a legislation at once effective and respectful of fundamental rights of all parties involved? This Article analyses these questions and how they relate to each other. Based on a transaction-cost economic framework an argument is made that neither top-down, nor market-based regulatory solutions overcome the constitutional arguments that uphold the ban to surrogacy. An alternative approach to legal reform is considered, grounded on IPL and substantive domestic measures.