The Law of the Russian Federation “On Mass Media”: innovation, trends, perspectives

The article is dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the Russian Mass Media Law, adopted on December 27, 1991. This Law is proposed to be considered as innovative, which laid the foundation for a number of innovations in national legal science and legislative practice. Among these innovations are: the author’s nature of drafting, consolidation of the thesaurus of the Law in a separate article of the Law, the establishment of a cumulative liability mechanism, etc. Over the next three decades, the Law has undergone numerous changes that have predetermined law enforcement practice. The article analyzes the trends of the ongoing transformation: the expansion of the concept of abuse of freedom of the media, expansion of diversity of types of mass media, etc. As part of considering the future prospects of the Law, the need is revealed to bring it into terminological compliance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Civil and other codes, to eliminate legal and logical defects formed in the process of its creation and subsequent adjustment. The necessity of the Law transformation into the Mass Communications Law is substantiated.

Algumas Notas Sobre a Tutela do Utente de Serviços Públicos Essenciais

In the present study we dedicate ourselves to make an analysis of the Law of Essential Public Services, giving a special focus to the mechanisms of protection of the user of such services. If it is true that, on the one hand, it has not been doctrinally peaceful to qualify contracts for the provision of essential public services as public or private law agreements, on the other, and consequently, the question of where to bring legal action arising from disputes that oppose the provider and the user, therefore, we will try to answer that question. Having made a general analysis of the user protection mechanisms, we focus on issues related to the suspension of the service for non-payment, establishing a parallel between the regimes of the Essential Public Services Law and the Electronic Communications Law. Finally, we will address the issue of prescription and lapse periods related to the right to receive the price of the service provided. At this point we will try to give an adequate answer regarding which prescription period to resort whenever the service is provided by a local authority (8 years or 6 months).

European Union Communications Law

The past thirty years and more has seen an extraordinary level of policy, legal, and regulatory activity in the telecommunications sector within the European Union (EU); with well over 100 different directives, decisions, regulations, recommendations, and resolutions, relating to every aspect of the industry, having been adopted since 1984. Such activity is a clear illustration that market liberalization should not be confused with concepts of market deregulation. While from a UK perspective, initial EU regulatory intervention in the telecommunications sector seldom impinged on the wider public consciousness, largely due to developments already commenced domestically, some Member States experienced significant political fall-out from Commission initiatives in the area, such as public sector industrial action.

Media Democratization in Ecuador

A regulatory process of “democratizing the media” based on recent constitutional guarantees and a 2013 communications law is under way in Ecuador. The initiative comes from a demand for new forms of social accountability and participation in the mass media after the Latin American experience of media companies’direct engagement in coups and the destabilization of progressive governments. Media democratization is seen as necessary for the construction of democratic societies. It is distinct in Latin America from recent Northern approaches, which tend to be technocratic, suggesting democratic transformation through new online media and enhanced consumer options. Ecuador’s process follows similar initiatives in Venezuela, Bolivia, Argentina, and Uruguay but is perhaps more articulate and systematic. It is instructive in that it builds on well-established public policy themes of the containment of monopoly power, redress of civil wrongs, and the promotion of participation and diversity. While media corporations mostly seek to disqualify debate on media regulation, Ecuador’s approach deserves closer examination. Ecuador está llevando a cabo un proceso de “democratización de medios” basado en las recientes garantías constitucionales y la ley de comunicaciones de 2013. La iniciativa responde a una exigencia de nuevas formas de responsabilidad social y participación en los medios de comunicación masivos a raíz de experiencias latinoamericanas en las cuales ciertas compañías de medios han intervenido para desestabilizar o generar golpes de estado contra gobiernos progresistas. La democratización de los medios se considera necesaria para la construcción de sociedades democráticas, y esta aproximación se distingue de aquellas características del hemisferio norte con sus tendencias tecnocráticas, que sugieren que la transformación democrática se ha de llevar a cabo mediante nuevos medios en línea y opciones de consumo más amplias. El proceso ecuatoriano se suma a iniciativas similares en Venezuela, Bolivia, Argentina y Uruguay, pero es quizá más articulado y sistemático. Se basa en temas de política pública establecidos como la contención del poder monopólico, la rectificación de delitos civiles, y la promoción de la participación y la diversidad. Si bien las corporaciones de medios han buscado descalificar los debates en torno a la mencionada regulación, los esfuerzos ecuatorianos merecen ser examinados más de cerca.

UTILIZATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS IN THE INSURANCE

Insurance is also called the coverage in practice in the business world that despite the interest it is insured as a party that transferred the risk to the assets and / or soul, both for themselves and for others, but the initiative for the creation of a relationship in the insurance usually starts from the insurance company.Information technology and electronics, can be used as a tool in relation insurance for insurance companies and prospective insured and the insured, and the convenience for people to search for, identify, assess and choose which company is right for the place they insure their property and / or soul. Information technology serve as a medium of communication between the community and the insurance company, to build a communications law that raises legal relationship or the rights and obligations in the field of insurance. Responsibilities of the parties in the use of information technology and electronic transactions on insurance in the enjoyment of rights and obligations, should not violate the norms prevailing in society, in accordance with the provisions of Article 3 and 4 of Law ITE on Principles and Objectives, implementation requirements valid agreement on Article 1320 of the Civil Code and Article 250, 251 Commercial code, as well as the principles of Insurance, the parties responsible in accordance with the principle of balance which is done by anyone and is done proportionally.