Dynamic production characteristics and effect analysis of combined gas production well of coalbed methane and tight gas

For gas reservoirs with poor physical properties, the implementation of a single well with multi-layer combined production is an effective means to achieve efficient development. However, because of the differences in the geological conditions of the vast majority of multi-layer gas reservoirs, the dynamic characteristics of the gas wells will be complex under the multi-layer combined mining mode, and the inevitable interlayer interference in the production process will affect the development effect. In this paper, the coal seam and the dense layer are opened for production at the same time. The two kinds of different types of production are not only restricted by the heterogeneity of each layer, but also the special development mode of the coal seam. Through analyzing and summarizing the productivity equation of two kinds of production layers and the characteristics of the change of production pressure, the coupling calculation is carried out by the iterative programming of node analysis method in the wellbore, which can dynamically predict the dynamic gas production. In comparison with the dynamic gas production dynamics of combined production and the overlay production of each production layer, it is found that the amount of accumulated gas production of multiple production layers in the forecast period is only 2.56% lower than that of the single production of the multi-production layer, but the investment cost of the single well multi-layer production is far lower than that of the single production, and the stable production time of the combined production is longer, indicating that the stable production time is longer.

Theatre Excursion: Circuit of Culture of Production and Consumption of Traditional Theatre

This paper is aimed at studying the production and consumption of traditional theatre. The study is conducted within cultural studies perspective using Circuit of Culture. In the production layer the focus of the analysis will be on how the traditional theatre is produced either technically or culturally. While on the consumption, the analysis will be on the audience involving in this cultural product. The object of the study is the traditional theatre performed in Rumentang Siang Bandung. The study reveals that the practice of theatre excursion perpetuates production of traditional theatre and presents the consumption space for the audience of traditional theatre. The herds of school students organized by their teachers are having theatre excursion under the program of Taman Budaya to arouse appreciation toward tradition. The circuit of culture of traditional theatre in the context of production and consumption is articulated through the theatre excursion

Reaction of quartz glass in lithium-containing alkaline solutions with or without Ca

The exact role of lithium ions (Li + ) in controlling alkali–silica reaction is still unclear. Thus, the effects of Li + on the reaction between reactive silica (quartz glass) and hydroxyl in alkaline solution with or without Ca were investigated by quartz glass powder or slice immersion experiments. When quartz glass was immersed in lithium-containing alkaline solutions, only Li 2 SiO 3 was produced with the absence of Ca, but Li 2 SiO 3 and calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) were formed with the presence of Ca. The quartz glass slice immersion experiment indicated that the mass loss of quartz slices was less than 1% only when Ca was present in the lithium-containing alkaline solution. This was because a dense, low-porosity and strongly bonded production layer mainly composed of CSH and Li 2 SiO 3 crystals was formed on the glass surface and served as a barrier against the diffusion of OH − and alkali ions to the substrate glass.

Metabolism in a deep hypertrophic aquatic ecosystem with high water-level fluctuations: a decade of records confirms sustained net heterotrophy

Long-term and seasonal changes in production and respiration were surveyed in the Valle de Bravo reservoir, Mexico, in a period during which high water-level fluctuations occurred (2006–2015). We assessed the community metabolism through oxygen dynamics in this monomictic water-body affected by strong diurnal winds. The multiple-year data series allowed relationships with some environmental drivers to be identified, revealing that water level-fluctuations strongly influenced gross primary production and respiratory rates. Production and respiration changed mainly vertically, clearly in relation to light availability. Gross primary production ranged from 0.15 to 1.26 gO2 m−2 h−1, respiration rate from −0.13 to −0.83 gO2 m−2 h−1 and net primary production from −0.36 to 0.66 gO2 m−2 h −1 within the production layer, which had a mean depth of 5.9 m during the stratification periods and of 6.8 m during the circulations. The greater depth of the mixing layer allowed the consumption of oxygen below the production layer even during the stratifications, when it averaged 10.1 m. Respiration below the production layer ranged from −0.23 to −1.38 gO2 m−2 h−1. Vertically integrated metabolic rates (per unit area) showed their greatest variations at the intra-annual scale (stratification-circulation). Gross primary production and Secchi depth decreased as the mean water level decreased between stratification periods. VB is a highly productive ecosystem; its gross primary production averaged 3.60 gC m−2 d−1 during the 10 years sampled, a rate similar to that of hypertrophic systems. About 45% of this production, an annual average net carbon production of 599 g C m−2 year−1, was exported to the hypolimnion, but on the average 58% of this net production was recycled through respiration below the production layer. Overall, only 19% of the carbon fixed in VB is buried in the sediments. Total ecosystem respiration rates averaged −6.89 gC m−2 d−1 during 2006–2015, doubling the gross production rates. The reservoir as a whole exhibited a net heterotrophic balance continuously during the decade sampled, which means it has likely been a net carbon source, potentially releasing an average of 3.29 gC m−2 d−1 to the atmosphere. These results are in accordance with recent findings that tropical eutrophic aquatic ecosystems can be stronger carbon sources than would be extrapolated from temperate systems, and can help guide future reassessments on the contribution of tropical lakes and reservoirs to carbon cycles at the global scale. Respiration was positively correlated with temperature both for the stratification periods and among the circulations, suggesting that the contribution of C to the atmosphere may increase as the reservoirs and lakes warm up owing to climate change and as their water level is reduced through intensification of their use as water sources.

Review the Productivity of Kampung Chicken with Bangkok Chicken on Extensive System Maintenance

This study aims to determine the ratio of productivity of chicken and Bangkok female maintained on an extensive system. A total of 4 female chickens and using four Bangkok females in this study. Keeping chickens from DOC until first production (± seven months). The maintenance system from DOC for up to 2 weeks is intensified using heating aid after two weeks of extensive maintenance. After the production (layer) is done recording (productivity recording) that is egg weight, number of eggs per period, the age of early parent spawn, and weight of mother early spawn as parameter observed in this research. Data result of the analysis is processed using T-test. The result showed that productivity of chicken and Bangkok female saw from the age of fresh parent eggs and weight of initial parent spawn. Chickens earlier lay eggs compared to chicken Bangkok, but the parent weight at the time of spawning is higher in Bangkok female chickens when compared to females.