Thought Extramission: The Eyes Project Conceptual Maps at Close Distance

Light extramission is a popular yet erroneous model of human vision positing that light projects through the eyes over surrounding objects, allowing them to become visible. However, light extramission research has failed to distinguish between light and other types of emissions coming from the eyes, thereby discounting the possibility that extramission mechanisms might hold true for phenomena other than light. Here, we explored the thought extramission model, which is the notion that thoughts emanate from the eyes in the form of visualized representations. We show that the eyes project thoughts a short distance away in the form of high-resolution conceptual maps whose structure collapses at great distances. We also demonstrate that sensory filtering of thought projection by reducing light contrast lowers the resolution of conceptual maps. Our results highlight the supporting role of the visual system for thought processes relying on contrast, luminance, and perspective formation.

Respon Fikih terhadap Perkembangan Teknologi Rukyat

The method used to determine the beginning of the Islamic month which refers to the hilal regularity is called rukyat. The central issue of rukyat disruption is the problem of visual contrast of sky twilight, namely the difference in light or the color between the object and the foreground. The hilal (the new crescent moon) is dim, thin, and its color is almost the same as the sky around it so it makes the human eyes in a normal state unable to see directly the hilal without using the tools. Moreover, the technology of rukyat has developed significantly by discovering the optical technology named the rukyat telescope. However, this telescope is not able to identify hilal (the new moon), because it is only functioned to collect the light; so, when the twilight (syafak) light is strengthened, the hilal light is also equally strengthened. Furthermore, rukyat technology that is possibly used is digital imaging assisted by software that works to increase the light contrast so that the hilal can be seen by the visual eyes. Finally, digital imaging technology has an important role as a media verifier of the testimony stated by someone seeing the hilal, contrarily, its validity is doubtful. In responding to the development of technology used for finding the new crescent (rukyatulhilal), both classical and contemporary fiqh scholars give positive responses related to the use of rukyat tools that aim to facilitate the process of seeing the crescent (rukyatulhilal), especially in terms of clarifying the crescent sight object so that the new moon can be seen with the visual eye.

Characterisation of the Swarming Behavior of An. coluzzii and An. Gambiae Populations from a Hybrid Zone of Senegal.

Background Anopheles gambiae s.s. and An. coluzzii, two major malaria vectors in Africa, exist in the nature as two incipient, sympatric or allopatric species. In most of their sympatric areas, the reproductive isolation between these two distinct species is thought to be the main barrier to hybridization. However, in Senegal, barriers to the gene flow seems to be leaky in some areas with relatively higher than expected hybridization rates. Here, we characterized the swarming behavior of these two species to investigate its role in the observed high hybridization.Methods The study was carried out in the south and center of Senegal during the 2018 rainy season. Swarms were surveyed at sunset towards the lightest part of the sky, about 0.5–4 m above the ground. Once located, swarm were collected using a net. Indoor resting populations were also collected during the same period from each sentinel village by pyrethrum spray catch earlier the morning. All specimens collected were identified morphologically followed by PCR to estimate the frequency of the two species and female hybrids.Results Results showed that An. gambiae swarmed mainly over bare ground whereas An. coluzzii swarms over various objects forming a dark-light contrast with the ground. The height of swarms varied between 0.5 to 2.5 meters and the swarming duration was about 10 minutes. Start of swarming was mainly correlated with sunset and no mixed swarms were found in areas of sympatry despite the high level of hybridization rate (2.4% − 4.4%).Conclusion As found elsewhere in West Africa, swarming site segregation is an important pre-mating reproductive barrier between An. coluzzii and An. gambiae in Senegal. No link was found between swarming behavior and hybridization, but the lack of mixed swarms may be the result of low number of samples obtained in the sympatric area.

A Study Some Physical and Chemical Properties of Khuweisah Valley Basin East Of Misaan Governorateby Using Rs&Gis

The study dealt with some physical and chemical properties of khuweisah I order to Clearfy andhighlight contrast in those properties between two seasons, summerwho represented by (July) andwho represented by winter (January). Also high light contrast on differences among the sites during the same season for the period from (1987–2018).Three samples were chosen for each season in order to explain the differences. By analyzing the results of the properties temperature values are gradually increasing during the summer season due to atmospheric and solar radiation effects. Also showed the results that the values of turbidity had increased during summer seasondue to total suspended materials in the water.The dissolved oxygen concentrations in summer season were high due to increased concentrations of salts in this season, value of (PH) more salty in summer season, moderate during winter. Concentrations of other elements were variable among sites in the same season

Deceptive conservatism of claws: distinct phyletic lineages concealed within Isohypsibioidea (Eutardigrada) revealed by molecular and morphological evidence

Isohypsibioidea are most likely the most basally branching evolutionary lineage of eutardigrades. Despite being second largest eutardigrade order, phylogenetic relationships and systematics within this group remain largely unresolved. Broad taxon sampling, especially within one of the most speciose tardigrade genera, Isohypsibius Thulin, 1928, and application of both comparative morphological methods (light contrast and scanning electron microscopy imaging of external morphology and buccal apparatuses) and phylogenetic framework (18S + 28S rRNA sequences) resulted in the most comprehensive study devoted to this order so far. Two new families are erected from the currently recognised family Isohypsibiidae: Doryphoribiidae fam. nov., comprising all aquatic isohypsibioids and some terrestrial isohypsibioid taxa equipped with the ventral lamina; and Halobiotidae fam. nov., secondarily marine eutardigrades with unique adaptations to sea environment. We also split Isohypsibius into four genera to accommodate phylogenetic, morphological and ecological variation within the genus: terrestrial Isohypsibius s.s. (Isohypsibiidae), with smooth or sculptured cuticle but without gibbosities; terrestrial Dianea gen. nov. (Isohypsibiidae), with small and pointy gibbosities; terrestrial Ursulinius gen. nov. (Isohypsibiidae), with large and rounded gibbosities; and aquatic Grevenius gen. nov. (Doryphoribiidae fam. nov.), typically with rough cuticle and claws with branches of very similar heigths. Claw morphology is reviewed and, for the first time, shown to encompass a number of morphotypes that correlate with clades recovered in the molecular analysis. The anatomy of pharynx and cuticle are also shown to be of high value in distinguishing supraspecific taxa in Isohypsibioidea. Taxonomy of all isohypsibioid families and genera is discussed, with special emphasis on the newly erected entities. Finally, a dychotomous diagnostic key to all currently recognised isohypsibioid families and genera is provided.

The Hogarth Press, a Singular Art Gallery

This chapter looks at Virginia Woolf's ambiguous relationship with painting. Podvin explores how Woolf uses the techniques of a painter in her novels, including form, colour, light, contrast, framing characters and landscapes, and representing the figure of the painter.