Single Snapshot Imaging of Optical Properties (SSOP) for Perfusion Assessment during Gastric Conduit Creation for Esophagectomy: An Experimental Study on Pigs

Anastomotic leakage (AL) is a serious complication occurring after esophagectomy. The current knowledge suggests that inadequate intraoperative perfusion in the anastomotic site contributes to an increase in the AL rate. Presently, clinical estimation undertaken by surgeons is not accurate and new technology is necessary to improve the intraoperative assessment of tissue oxygenation. In the present study, we demonstrate the application of a novel optical technology, namely Single Snapshot imaging of Optical Properties (SSOP), used to quantify StO2% in an open surgery experimental gastric conduit (GC) model. After the creation of a gastric conduit, local StO2% was measured with a preclinical SSOP system for 60 min in the antrum (ROI-A), corpus (ROI-C), and fundus (ROI-F). The removed region (ROI-R) acted as ischemic control. ROI-R had statistically significant lower StO2% when compared to all other ROIs at T15, T30, T45, and T60 (p < 0.0001). Local capillary lactates (LCLs) and StO2% correlation was statistically significant (R = −0.8439, 95% CI −0.9367 to −0.6407, p < 0.0001). Finally, SSOP could discriminate resected from perfused regions and ROI-A from ROI-F (the future anastomotic site). In conclusion, SSOP could well be a suitable technology to assess intraoperative perfusion of GC, providing consistent StO2% quantification and ROIs discrimination.

Automatic Fire Detection and Extinction with Infrared Multispectrum Electro-Optical Technology with Watch-Dog Timer Control, for a 220KV to 33KV Transformer

The present research aims to design an automatic fire detection and extinction system, developed with infrared multi-spectrum electro-optical technology with watch-dog timer control, for an electrical transformer from 220KV to 33KV. Upon its development, it is concluded that the automatic detection and extinction system has a deluge system with sprayed water, which will be activated by a detection system with flame sensors, this system has infrared multispectrum Electro-Optical Technology and will be controlled by through the Timer Watch-Dog, which will automatically detect and report any failure in the state-of-theart microprocessor. By subjecting the detection and extinguishing system to operational and functional tests, an optimal response of the deluge sprinklers was obtained, through the pressure and flow parameters, also a coefficient of determination R2 equal to 0.991 is obtained, which represents that the design is optimal, evidencing feasibility from the operational and functional point of view. Keywords— Detection, Extinction, Automatic, ElectroOptical, Multispectral, Infrared, Timer Watch-Dog, Transformer

Quantum Probes for the Characterization of Nonlinear Media

Active optical media leading to interaction Hamiltonians of the form H=λ˜(a+a†)ζ represent a crucial resource for quantum optical technology. In this paper, we address the characterization of those nonlinear media using quantum probes, as opposed to semiclassical ones. In particular, we investigate how squeezed probes may improve individual and joint estimation of the nonlinear coupling λ˜ and of the nonlinearity order ζ. Upon using tools from quantum estimation, we show that: (i) the two parameters are compatible, i.e., the may be jointly estimated without additional quantum noise; (ii) the use of squeezed probes improves precision at fixed overall energy of the probe; (iii) for low energy probes, squeezed vacuum represent the most convenient choice, whereas for increasing energy an optimal squeezing fraction may be determined; (iv) using optimized quantum probes, the scaling of the corresponding precision with energy improves, both for individual and joint estimation of the two parameters, compared to semiclassical coherent probes. We conclude that quantum probes represent a resource to enhance precision in the characterization of nonlinear media, and foresee potential applications with current technology.

Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometry and spectroscopy using entangled photons

Optical interferometry has been a long-standing setup for characterization of quantum states of light. Both linear and the nonlinear interferences can provide information regarding the light statistics and underlying detail of the light-matter interactions. Here we demonstrate how interferometric detection of nonlinear spectroscopic signals may be used to improve the measurement accuracy of matter susceptibilities. Light-matter interactions change the photon statistics of quantum light, which are encoded in the field correlation functions. Application is made to the Hong-Ou-Mandel two-photon interferometer that reveals entanglement-enhanced resolution that can be achieved with existing optical technology.

Review of a Custom-Designed Optical Sensing System for Aero-Engine Applications

Fibre bundle-based reflective optical sensors are good candidates for parameter monitorisation in aero engines. Tip clearance is one of those parameters of great concern that is necessary to monitor. Within this optical technology, the evolution experienced by a custom-designed optical sensor is presented from its first configuration up to the fifth one. The performance of the last configuration is compared with those of other two optical sensors that are also based on a fibre bundle design. The comparison has been carried out in an experimental program in a transonic wind tunnel for aero engines. The proven high resolution and sensitivity of the last configuration of the optical sensor opens up the possibility to detect blade defects, cracks, etc. that could otherwise be hard to track.

Optical Technology for NFV Converged Networks

5G and its evolution towards 6G is unlocking new use cases that will require the reconsideration of the existing network architectures and its operation. As the network will be required to support new service types and radio protocol splits, the traditional physical point to point connections will need to be replaced with a transport network up to the antenna site to guarantee low latency services and high bandwidth. Optical based transport is a key enabler to realize such a convergent network, where the traditional fixed infrastructure in use for mobile services and mobile infrastructure should also support enterprises services. The Software Defined Network (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) technology plays a key role to evolve towards digitalization. It allows to simplify the creation of new services and to implement a real decoupling between the infrastructure and the network functions that run virtually, on generic processing units located everywhere in the network. Supporting automation is a key requirement that traditional optical technology is not able to meet. In this paper the reference scenarios for the access network are presented with the analysis of their requirements and the enabling optical solutions based on integrated silicon photonics.

Optical pattern generator for efficient bio-data encoding in a photonic sequence comparison architecture

In this study, optical technology is considered as SA issues' solution with the potential ability to increase the speed, overcome memory-limitation, reduce power consumption, and increase output accuracy. So we examine the effect of bio-data encoding and the creation of input images on the pattern-recognition error-rate at the output of optical Vander-lugt correlator. Moreover, we present a genetic algorithm-based coding approach, named as GAC, to minimize output noises of cross-correlating data. As a case study, we adopt the proposed coding approach within a correlation-based optical architecture for counting k-mers in a DNA string. As verified by the simulations on Salmonella whole-genome, we can improve sensitivity and speed more than 86% and 81%, respectively, compared to BLAST by using coding set generated by GAC method fed to the proposed optical correlator system. Moreover, we present a comprehensive report on the impact of 1D and 2D cross-correlation approaches, as-well-as various coding parameters on the output noise, which motivate the system designers to customize the coding sets within the optical setup.