Ambient light level varies with different locations and environmental conditions: Potential to impact myopia

Purpose Considering that time spent outdoors is protective for myopia, we investigated how ambient light levels reaching the eye varies across 9 outdoor and 4 indoor locations in 5 different environmental conditions. Methods Illuminance (lux) was recorded using a lux meter under conditions of weather (sunny/cloudy), time of a day (7:00,10:00,13:00, and 16:00 hours), seasons (summer/winter), and sun protection (hat and cap) in outdoor and indoor locations. Nine outdoor locations were “open playground”, “under a translucent artificial-shade”, “under a porch facing east”, “under a porch facing south”, “under a big tree”, “between three buildings”, “within 4 buildings”, and “canopy”. As a ninth outdoor location, “Under a glass bowl” in the outdoor location was used as a simulation for “glass classroom model” and measurement was taken at the floor level only to determine in overall the illuminance conditions with glass covered on all sides. The 4 indoor locations included “room with multiple large windows”, “room with combination light source”, “room with multiple artificial lights”, and “room with single artificial light”. Results The overall median illuminance level (median; Q1-Q3) recorded in 9 outdoor locations was 8 times higher than that of all indoor locations (1175;197–5400 lux vs. 179;50–333 lux). Highest illuminance in outdoor locations was recorded in “open playground” (9300;4100–16825 lux), followed by “under a translucent artificial shade (8180;4200–13300 lux) and the lowest in “within 4 buildings” (11;6–20 lux). Illuminance under ‘Canopy’, ‘between three buildings’ and ‘within four buildings’ was similar to that of indoor locations (<1000 lux). Time of the day, weather, season, sensor position and using sun protection did not alter illuminance to change from high to low level (>1000 to <1000 lux). Among indoor locations, illuminance in “room with multiple large windows” crossed 1000 lux at a specific time points on both sunny and cloudy days. Conclusions Illuminance levels in outdoors and indoors varied with location type, but not with other conditions. Given the variation in illuminance in different locations, and the impact it may have on myopia control, appropriate detailed recommendations seems necessary while suggesting time outdoors as an anti-myopia strategy to ensure desired outcomes.

Integrating Behavior of Children with Profound Intellectual, Multiple, or Severe Motor Disabilities With Location and Environment Data Sensors for Independent Communication and Mobility: App Development and Pilot Testing (Preprint)

BACKGROUND Children with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD) or severe motor and intellectual disabilities (SMID) only communicate through movements, vocalizations, body postures, muscle tensions, or facial expressions on a pre- or protosymbolic level. Yet, to the best of our knowledge, there are few systems developed to specifically aid in categorizing and interpreting behaviors of children with PIMD or SMID to facilitate independent communication and mobility. Further, environmental data such as weather variables were found to have associations with human affects and behaviors among typically developing children; however, studies involving children with neurological functioning impairments that affect communication or those who have physical and/or motor disabilities are unexpectedly scarce. OBJECTIVE This paper describes the design and development of the ChildSIDE app, which collects and transmits data associated with children’s behaviors, and linked location and environment information collected from data sources (GPS, iBeacon device, ALPS Sensor, and OpenWeatherMap application programming interface [API]) to the database. The aims of this study were to measure and compare the server/API performance of the app in detecting and transmitting environment data from the data sources to the database, and to categorize the movements associated with each behavior data as the basis for future development and analyses. METHODS This study utilized a cross-sectional observational design by performing multiple single-subject face-to-face and video-recorded sessions among purposively sampled child-caregiver dyads (children diagnosed with PIMD/SMID, or severe or profound intellectual disability and their primary caregivers) from September 2019 to February 2020. To measure the server/API performance of the app in detecting and transmitting data from data sources to the database, frequency distribution and percentages of 31 location and environment data parameters were computed and compared. To categorize which body parts or movements were involved in each behavior, the interrater agreement κ statistic was used. RESULTS The study comprised 150 sessions involving 20 child-caregiver dyads. The app collected 371 individual behavior data, 327 of which had associated location and environment data from data collection sources. The analyses revealed that ChildSIDE had a server/API performance &gt;93% in detecting and transmitting outdoor location (GPS) and environment data (ALPS sensors, OpenWeatherMap API), whereas the performance with iBeacon data was lower (82.3%). Behaviors were manifested mainly through hand (22.8%) and body movements (27.7%), and vocalizations (21.6%). CONCLUSIONS The ChildSIDE app is an effective tool in collecting the behavior data of children with PIMD/SMID. The app showed high server/API performance in detecting outdoor location and environment data from sensors and an online API to the database with a performance rate above 93%. The results of the analysis and categorization of behaviors suggest a need for a system that uses motion capture and trajectory analyses for developing machine- or deep-learning algorithms to predict the needs of children with PIMD/SMID in the future.

Research on Developing an Outdoor Location System Based on the Ultra-Wideband Technology

Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology is one of the most promising wireless communication technologies. Examples of UWB applications include, among others, radiocommunication devices and location systems, due to their operating range, ability to work in outdoor environments, and resistance to multipath effects. This article focuses on the use of UWB technology in constructing a guide localization system for an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV), which is one of the stages of implementing a “follow me” system. This article describes the complete process of UWB signal processing from its acquisition, methods of filtering, and obtained results, to determining the location of the guide. This article examines the possibility of using modified versions of localization algorithms for determining the guide’s location, including trilateration, methods of nonlinear programming, and a geometric algorithm proposed by us. The innovation of this study consists in the implementation of an algorithm that changes the selection of equations (mathematical model) for determining location based on the number of available measurements from UWB sensors.

Localización e Internet de las Cosas

A unified architecture for indoor and outdoor location determination in the IoT domain is presented in this work. Two empirical scenarios (indoor and outdoor) with their associated techniques have been proposed and successfully deployed. The selected physical location for interior experience has been a classroom of the Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales (FCEQyN) from Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM). The network has been set by deploying a set of Decawave DWM1001 nodes, a new radio frequency communications product from the Decawave ScenSor family that accomplish with communication methods as Ultrawideband (UWB) and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). For the outdoor scenario, a livestock production farm of 234 ha (2,34.106 m2) near the city of Posadas has been selected. In this physical facility, devices based on 2.4 GHz XBee Pro S2, compatible with ZigBee and IEEE 802.15.4, have been deployed. For the location process of the nodes, the trilateration method has been used. While in indoors essays an approximate bias of 7.10-2 m has been achieved, outdoors trilateration outcomes expose indeterminacy between 35 m and 98 m.

Persepsi Anak Tentang Ruang Bermain Ramah Anak Di Bantaran Kali Banger Kelurahan Kemijen

The majority of the Indonesian population lives in Kampong in higher density, and one of them is living in the riverbank area. The characteristics of urban are having inadequate infrastructure conditions, lack of water supply, and lack of waste management. One of inadequate of infrastructure is playing facilities for children. This study will look at children's perceptions regarding the location that responsive to children’s needs. The location of this study is the Kali Banger in the Kemijen sub-district. In Kemijen Sub district, there are 11 RW and eight of them are directly facing Kali Banger. This study uses a mixed approach (quantitative and qualitative) in extracting data. The study showed that children's perceptions of rivers are the convenient locations for playing, so they want the river to be clean. Children also have a good understanding of environmental hygiene, especially at Kali Banger. The locations that are often used to play are pump points, pump house roofs, playgrounds that located on RW 8, roads and railroad tracks. The choices of location for children's play was triggered by the condition of their houses, so they chosen to play in outdoor location until afternoon. This finding can be a reference for the development of Indonesian urban kampung that are more conducived to children, especially kampung on the riverbank. After mapping the existing location and location that children sugesting that responsive child’s needs and types of games, it was seen that the most desirable locations for playing locations were playgrounds (54.5%), then soccer fields (22.1%) and the rest are varied, while the types of games that were desired were swing (39%) and see saw of (18.2%). Key Words: Perception, Play Ground, Children and Responsive Children AbstrakMayoritas penduduk kota Indonesia tinggal di kampung dengan tingkat kepadatan yang tinggi, Salah satunya adalah keberadaan permukiman di kawasan bantaran sungai. Ciri kampung kota memiliki kondisi infrastruktur, yang belum memadai salah satunya adalah fasilitas bermain bagi Anak. Studi ini akan melihat persepsi anak terkait lokasi bermain yang ramah (responsif) dengan kebutuhan usia anak. Lokasi penelitian ini adalah kawasan bantaran Kali Banger yang terletak di kelurahanKemijen, dari 11 RW yang terdapat di kelurahan Kemijen terdapat 8 RW yang langsung berhadapan dengan kali Banger. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan campuran (kuantitatif dan kualitatif) didalam penggalian data-data. Temuan studi memperlihatkan bahwa persepsi anak tentang sungai/kali adalah sebagai lokasi yang nyaman sebagai tempat bermain, sehingga mereka menginginkan kali dalam kondisi bersih. Anak-anak juga mempunyai pemahaman yang baik mengenai kebersihan lingkungan khususnya pada kali Banger. Lokasi yang sering digunakan untuk bermain adalah beberapa titik pompa, atap rumah pompa, taman yang berada di RW 8, jalan lingkungan dan rel KA. Pemilihan lokasi bermain anak ini dipicu oleh kondisi rumah mereka yang sempit, sehingga mereka memilih keluar rumah sepulang sekolah sampai sore hari. Temuan ini dapat menjadi acuan bagi pengembanmgan kampung kota Indonesia yang lebih kondusif untuk anak, khususnya kampung bantaran sungai. Setelah dilakukan pemetaan baik eksisting dan rencana lokasi dan jenis permainan maka terlihat bahwa lokasi yang paling banyak diminat sebagai lokasi bermain adalah taman bermain (54.5%), kemudian lapangan sepakbola (22,1%) dan sisanya bervariasi, sedangkan jenis permainan yang banyak diinginkan adalah ayunan (39%) dan jungkat-jungkit sebesar (18,2%).Kata Kunci. Persepsi, ruang bermain, anak, ramah anak