Modelling mixed matrix membranes and ceramic foams with application to separation processes

Τα ετερογενή πορώδη υλικά είναι παρόντα σε πολλές πρακτικές και σύγχρονες εφαρμογές, όπως στη διήθηση αιωρημάτων και αεροκολλοειδών, τις διεργασίες βιομετατροπής άνθρακα, τη γεωλογική αποθήκευση CO2 και τις βιοϊατρικές διεργασίες, Οι εφαρμογές αυτές βασίζονται σε συγκεκριμένους φυσικούς, χημικούς ή βιοχημικούς μηχανισμούς για τη λειτουργία τους, όπως είναι η μεταφορά μάζας, ορμής ή ενέργειας, η ρόφηση καθώς και οι χημικές/βιοχημικές αντιδράσεις. Οι μηχανισμοί αυτοί στο εσωτερικό των πορωδών μέσων συναρτώνται σε μεγάλο βαθμό με τη δομή και τη μορφολογία του πορώδους μέσου. Ως εκ τούτου, απαιτείται λεπτομερής μελέτη της εσωτερικής δομής αυτών των πορωδών μέσων για την κατανόηση και τη βελτίωση των διεργασιών στις οποίες χρησιμοποιούνται. Μια λεπτομερής περιγραφή της μικροδομής μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί για την εξακρίβωση των φυσικών ιδιοτήτων και την εκτίμηση και βελτίωση της απόδοσής τους. Η παρούσα διατριβή χρησιμοποιεί στατιστικές ιδιότητες που εξάγονται από εικόνες ηλεκτρονικής μικροσκοπίας σάρωσης (SEM) για τη διερεύνηση και την ψηφιακή αναδημιουργία δομών πορωδών μέσων. Αρχικά, επιλέγεται μια στοχαστική προσέγγιση για την ανακατασκευή πορωδών μέσων επειδή αποτυπώνει τη στοχαστική φύση τους σε λογικά εύρη υπολογιστικού κόστους και χρόνου. Στη συνέχεια, δημιουργείται ένα ψηφιακό μοντέλο ανακατασκευής και ένα πρόγραμμα υπολογιστή για την αναδημιουργία δομών πορωδών μέσων αξιοποιώντας τις διάφορες στατιστικές ιδιότητές τους. Μια ειδική εφαρμογή που μελετάται στην παρούσα διατριβή είναι ο ψηφιακός χαρακτηρισμός των μεμβρανών PES/ PVP που χρησιμοποιούνται σε διαδικασίες αιμοκάθαρσης και η ανάπτυξη ενός μοντέλου που μπορεί να προβλέψει την απόδοσή τους στον καθαρισμό του αίματος. Οι εν λόγω μεμβράνες αποτελούνται από πολλαπλά στρώματα και, συνήθως, μια δομή που μοιάζει με αφρό σχηματίζεται στο εσωτερικό τους, επηρεάζοντας την απόδοση διαχωρισμού και βελτιώνοντας τις μηχανικές ιδιότητες της μεμβράνης.Σε αυτό το πλαίσιο, αναπτύχθηκε μια νέα μέθοδος για την ψηφιακή ανακατασκευή αφρών χρησιμοποιώντας την προσέγγιση Laguerre Tessellation, η οποία παρουσιάζει αξιοσημείωτη ικανότητα να περιγράφει αφρώδη υλικά που αποτελούνται από μακροκοιλότητες με πολυεδρική μορφή. [1]. Επιπλέον, για να περιγραφούν αφρώδη υλικά με μακροκοιλότητες σφαιρικού σχήματος και αυξημένη συνδεσιμότητα, αναπτύχθηκε μια εναλλακτική μέθοδος που βασίζεται στη δημιουργία συσσωρεύσεων κοίλων σφαιρών. [2]. Τέλος, αναπτύχθηκε ένα μοντέλο για την περιγραφή της απομάκρυνσης των δεσμευμένων σε πρωτεΐνες τοξινών κατά τη διάρκεια της διαδικασίας αιμοκάθαρσης με τη χρήση μεμβρανών μικτής μήτρας και επικυρώθηκε με πειραματικά δεδομένα. [3]. Αυτό το μοντέλο επεκτάθηκε περαιτέρω και χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την πρόβλεψη της απόδοσης μιας πολυστρωματικής μεμβράνης μικτής μήτρας κατά την απομάκρυνση της τοξίνης κρεατινίνη. [4]. Επιπλέον, η ενσωμάτωση των διαδικασιών ανακατασκευής που αναπτύχθηκαν στο μοντέλο μείωσε περαιτέρω τα απαιτούμενα πειραματικά δεδομένα.Η χρήση αυτών των μεθόδων ανακατασκευής στο νέο μοντέλο που αναπτύχθηκε παρείχε πληροφορίες για τα χαρακτηριστικά της μεμβράνης και τις συνθήκες της διεργασίας. Έτσι, θα μπορούσε να βοηθήσει στη βελτιστοποίηση της μεταφοράς μάζας μέσω της μεμβράνης αιμοκάθαρσης. Επιπλέον, η διαδικασία αυτή μπορεί να επεκταθεί σε διαφορετικές τεχνολογίες διαχωρισμού ανοίγοντας το δρόμο προς το σχεδιασμό προσαρμοσμένων δομών πορωδών μέσων με επιθυμητές ιδιότητες μεταφοράς αποφεύγοντας χρονοβόρα και συχνά ακριβά φυσικά πειράματα. 1. Stiapis, C.S.; Skouras, E.D.; Burganos, V.N. Advanced Laguerre Tessellation for the Reconstruction of Ceramic Foams and Prediction of Transport Properties. Materials 2019, 12, 1137.2. Stiapis, C.S.; Skouras, E.D.; Burganos, V.N. Three-Dimensional Digital Reconstruction of Ti2AlC Ceramic Foams Produced by the Gelcast Method. Materials 2019, 12, 4085.3. Stiapis, C.; Skouras, E.; Pavlenko, D.; Stamatialis, D.; Burganos, V. Evaluation of the Toxin-to-Protein Binding Rates during Hemodialysis Using Sorbent-Loaded Mixed-Matrix Membranes. Applied Sciences 2018, 8, 536.4. Stiapis, C.S.; Skouras, E.D.; Burganos, V.N. Prediction of Toxin Removal Efficiency of Novel Hemodialysis Multilayered Mixed-Matrix Membranes. Separation and Purification Technology 2020, 250, 117272.

The Effects of Ferric Sulfate (Fe2(SO4)3) on the Removal of Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins: A Mesocosm Experiment

Cyanobacterial blooms are a global concern. Chemical coagulants are used in water treatment to remove contaminants from the water column and could potentially be used in lakes and reservoirs. The aims of this study was to: 1) assess the efficiency of ferric sulfate (Fe2(SO4)3) coagulant in removing harmful cyanobacterial cells from lake water with cyanobacterial blooms on a short time scale, 2) determine whether some species of cyanobacteria can be selectively removed, and 3) determine the differential impact of coagulants on intra- and extra-cellular toxins. Our main results are: (i) more than 96% and 51% of total cyanobacterial cells were removed in mesocosms with applied doses of 35 mgFe/L and 20 mgFe/L, respectively. Significant differences in removing total cyanobacterial cells and several dominant cyanobacteria species were observed between the two applied doses; (ii) twelve microcystins, anatotoxin-a (ANA-a), cylindrospermopsin (CYN), anabaenopeptin A (APA) and anabaenopeptin B (APB) were identified. Ferric sulfate effectively removed the total intracellular microcystins (greater than 97% for both applied doses). Significant removal of extracellular toxins was not observed after coagulation with both doses. Indeed, the occasional increase in extracellular toxin concentration may be related to cells lysis during the coagulation process. No significant differential impact of dosages on intra- and extra-cellular toxin removal was observed which could be relevant to source water applications where optimal dosing is difficult to achieve.

Evaluation of the utilization of extracorporeal toxin removal in lithium poisoning patients in Hong Kong

Background: Extracorporeal toxin removal is used for enhanced elimination in severe lithium poisoning. The Extracorporeal TReatments In Poisoning workgroup provides recommendations on the use of extracorporeal toxin removal in poisoning. Objectives: Our aim was to identify the pattern for using extracorporeal toxin removal in managing lithium poisoning in Hong Kong and compare the outcomes in extracorporeal toxin removal-treated patients and non-extracorporeal toxin removal-treated patients if indicated for treatment as defined by The Extracorporeal TReatments In Poisoning criteria. Methods: Lithium poisoning presented between year 2009 and 2019 in Hong Kong Poison Information Centre (HKPIC) database was categorized into extracorporeal toxin removal-treated group and non-extracorporeal toxin removal-treated group. Comparative analyses were performed. Results: Among 112 lithium-poisoned patients, 21% were treated with extracorporeal toxin removal. Larger proportion of patients had fulfilled at least one Extracorporeal TReatments In Poisoning criteria for extracorporeal toxin removal in the extracorporeal toxin removal-treated group (87% vs 18%, p < 0.005). The extracorporeal toxin removal-treat group patients were more commonly presented with impaired consciousness, seizure and dysrhythmia ( p < 0.05). They also got higher admission (3.62 mmol/L vs 2.18 mmol/L, p < 0.05) and peak (4.15 mmol/L vs 2.28 mmol/L, p < 0.05) serum lithium concentrations, as well as a significantly higher serum creatinine concentration upon presentation (263.74 µmol/L vs 98.66 µmol/L, p < 0.05). Extracorporeal toxin removal-treat group patients more frequently had a severe poisoning outcome (91.3% vs 9%, p < 0.05) and developed complications (69.6% vs 13.5%, p < 0.05). Logistic regression identified seizure, peak serum lithium concentration, and serum creatinine concentration upon presentation as risk factors for severe poisoning outcome. In subgroup analysis on patients with at least one indication for extracorporeal toxin removal as defined by Extracorporeal TReatments In Poisoning criteria, the proportion of severe poisoning remained higher in the extracorporeal toxin removal-treated group (90% vs 43.7%, p < 0.05). Complication rate was not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion: Clinically severe lithium poisoning patients were treated with extracorporeal toxin removal in Hong Kong. Extracorporeal TReatments In Poisoning criteria can serve as a reference in considering extracorporeal toxin removal treatment for lithium poisoning patients. Nevertheless, Extracorporeal TReatments In Poisoning criteria recommend more extracorporeal toxin removal treatment than it was actually done. Lithium poisoning patients with positive Extracorporeal TReatments In Poisoning criteria have been managed without extracorporeal toxin removal. No statistically significant adverse outcome was observed in these cases.

Development of online hemodiafiltration in Japan

Evidence concerning online hemodiafiltration (ol-HDF) includes increased uremic toxin removal, prevention of dialysis-related hypotension, improved survival, and recovery of dialysis-related uncertain symptoms. In particular, evidence has been shown regarding prevention of dialysis hypotension and improvement of survival, but the mechanism of its manifestation is still unclear and its effects themselves are questionable. In Japan, pre dilution ol-HDF is mainly performed, and improvement in survival rate has been shown on the condition of convection volume is 40 L/session or more. In particular, the removal of α1-microglubulin (αMG), which is a medium-middle solute, is targeted. The antioxidant action (Heme Scavenger) of αMG, is presumed, but in dialysis patients, the majority in serum are deteriorated (oxidized) αMG. It has been pointed out that removing the deteriorated αMG by ol-HDF may produce new αMG from the liver and lead to recovery of the original antioxidant effect. However, clinical evidence of this mechanism is desired. Obtaining evidence for the indicated αMG removal activity of ol-HDF will lead to advancement in HDF.

Antioxidative Potential and Phytochemical Content of Detox Water

Detox water is a fusion of different fruits immersed in water. It has been shown to possess many health benefits including toxin removal, increased immune function, weight loss and hydration. The following research aimed to extend previous investigation into the beneficial properties of detox water by determining the antioxidant potential and phytochemical content of water infused with a combination of Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis) and Fuji apple (Malus domestica) in different ratios. The three trails studied were 25:75 (T1), 50:50 (T2) and 75:25 (T3) Apple: Orange ratios. The antioxidant activity, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were assayed using the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl- DPPH assay, the Folin Ciocalteu assay and the aluminum chloride colorimetric assay respectively. The assays were carried out on water samples taken at 0.5, 1,2,4,6 and 8 hours after infusion, and on the fruit residue. Vitamin C concentration of the water and fruit residue were determined by titration against potassium iodide at the eight- hour of infusion. The antioxidant, TPC and TFC values of water samples increased with infusion time. At the eight-hour, the antioxidant potential of the water samples ranged from 74.45% (T1) - 68.16% (T3). The TPC, TFC and Vitamin C values for all three trails were found to be significantly different (p<0.05), with TPC values of 189.01 µg GAE/ml sample (T1), 172.10 µg GAE/ml sample (T2) and 144.82 µg GAE/ml sample (T3); TFC values were 32.11 µg QE/ml sample (T1), 25.24 µg QE/ml sample (T2) and 17.62 µg QE/ml sample (T3). Vitamin C values were 237.76 µg vitamin C/ml sample (T1), 161.44 µg vitamin C/ml sample (T2) and 114.48 µg vitamin C/ml sample (T3). The fruit residues possessed very low antioxidant potential and phytochemical content. The study has proven that detox water possesses beneficial properties due to its high phytochemical content.

Successful Treatment of a Critically Ill COVID-19 Patient Using Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy With Enhanced Cytokine Removal and Tocilizumab: A Case Report

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused multiple deaths worldwide. Since no specific therapies are currently available, treatment for critically ill patients with COVID-19 is supportive. The most severe patients need sustained life support for recovery. We herein describe the course of a critically ill COVID-19 patient with multi-organ failure, including acute respiratory failure, acute kidney injury, and fulminant cytokine release syndrome (CRS), who required mechanical ventilation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. This patient with a predicted high mortality risk was successfully managed with a careful strategy of oxygenation, uremic toxin removal, hemodynamic support, and most importantly, cytokine-targeted intervention for CRS, including cytokine/endotoxin removal, anti-cytokine therapy, and immune modulation. Comprehensive cytokine data, CRS parameters, and biochemical data of extracorporeal removal were provided to strengthen the rationale of this strategy. In this report, we demonstrate that timely combined hemoperfusion with cytokine adsorptive capacity and anti-cytokine therapy can successfully treat COVID-19 patients with fulminant CRS. It also highlights the importance of implementing cytokine-targeted therapy for severe COVID-19 guided by the precise measurement of disease activity.

Liposomes Prevent In Vitro Hemolysis Induced by Streptolysin O and Lysenin

The need for alternatives to antibiotics in the fight against infectious diseases has inspired scientists to focus on antivirulence factors instead of the microorganisms themselves. In this respect, prior work indicates that tiny, enclosed bilayer lipid membranes (liposomes) have the potential to compete with cellular targets for toxin binding, hence preventing their biological attack and aiding with their clearance. The effectiveness of liposomes as decoy targets depends on their availability in the host and how rapidly they are cleared from the circulation. Although liposome PEGylation may improve their circulation time, little is known about how such a modification influences their interactions with antivirulence factors. To fill this gap in knowledge, we investigated regular and long-circulating liposomes for their ability to prevent in vitro red blood cell hemolysis induced by two potent lytic toxins, lysenin and streptolysin O. Our explorations indicate that both regular and long-circulating liposomes are capable of similarly preventing lysis induced by streptolysin O. In contrast, PEGylation reduced the effectiveness against lysenin-induced hemolysis and altered binding dynamics. These results suggest that toxin removal by long-circulating liposomes is feasible, yet dependent on the particular virulence factor under scrutiny.

Toxin Removal and Inflammatory State Modulation during Online Hemodiafiltration Using Two Different Dialyzers (TRIAD2 Study)

Uremic toxins play a pathological role in atherosclerosis and represent an important risk factor in dialysis patients. Online hemodiafiltration (HDF) has been introduced to improve the clearance of middle- and large-molecular-weight solutes (>500 Da) and has been associated with reduced cardiovascular mortality compared to standard hemodialysis. This non-randomized, open-label observational study will explore the efficacy of two dialyzers currently used for online HDF, a polysulfone-based high-flux membrane, and a cellulose triacetate membrane, in hemodialysis patients with signs of middle-molecule intoxication or intradialytic hypotension. In particular, the two filters will be evaluated for their ability in uremic toxin removal and modulation of inflammatory status. Sixteen subjects in standard chronic bicarbonate hemodialysis requiring a switch to online HDF in view of their clinical status will be enrolled and divided into two treatment arms, according to the previous history of hypersensitivity to polysulfone/polyethersulfone dialysis filters and hypersensitivity to drugs or other allergens. Group A will consist of 16 patients without a previous history of hypersensitivity and will be treated with a polysulfone filter (Helixone FX100), and group B, also consisting of 16 patients, with a previous history of hypersensitivity and will be treated with asymmetric triacetate (ATA; SOLACEA 21-H) dialyzer. Each patient will be followed for a period of 24 months, with monthly assessments of circulating middle-weight toxins and protein-bound toxins, markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, lymphocyte subsets, activated lymphocytes, and monocytes, cell apoptosis, the accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), variations in arterial stiffens measured by pulse wave velocity (PWV), and mortality rate. The in vitro effect on endothelial cells of uremic serum collected from patients treated with the two different dialyzers will also be investigated to examine the changes in angiogenesis, cell migration, differentiation, apoptosis and proliferative potential, and gene and protein expression profile. The expected results will be a better awareness of the different effects of polysulfone gold-standard membrane for online HDF and the new ATA membrane on the removal of uremic toxins removal and inflammation due to blood–membrane interaction.