Factors of the Structural Dynamics of the Economy of Modern Russia

The aim of the work was to study the dynamics of structural changes in the economy of modern Russia. Linear regression models used to assess trends in changing the contribution of industries to gross value added. The main factors of the sectorial structure of gross value added assessed by factor analysis based on a principal compo-nent model. The main factor in the dynamics of the sectorial structure is the factor of the development of sectors, which until recently were the least developed. It reflects the growth in the contribution of transport and communications, agriculture, real estate transactions, rent. The second most important factor reflects the cyclical redistribution of shares between industry - extractive and manufacturing and financial activities. The third factor reflects the cyclical redistribution of shares between household activities and most other sectors of the economy. The fourth main factor also reflects the cyclical redistribution of shares between industries. It assumed that the main factors of changes in the structure of the economy are associated with the transition processes taking place in the economy and reflecting the slow transition due to unfavorable institutional condi-tions to the dominance of the fifth post-industrial technological order.

Sectorial structure of employment and factors of structural changes in the economy of modern Russia

The aim of the work was to study the dynamics and factors of development of the sectorial structure of employment in the period 2005-2019. To obtain estimates of the dynamics and factors of development of the sectorial structure of employment, we used regression analysis, factor analysis based on the model of principal components, and data on the structure of employment from Rosstat. Steadily growing and steadily shrinking industries are identified. It been established that the first main factor in the change in the sectorial structure of employment in the period under review can be char-acterized as a factor in the development of the export-raw material orientation of the economy and the development of the service sector, including scientific and technical, and the social sphere. The first main factor in the development of the sectorial structure of employment only partially contributed to the strengthening of the export-raw material orientation of the economy, and to greater extent contributed to the development of the modern post-industrial structure of the economy. The second and third main factors of changes in the sectorial structure of employment in the period under review are a reflec-tion of cyclical processes characteristic of modern economic systems. The fourth main factor in changes in the sectorial structure of employment reflects the phenomenon of the modern economy's insensitivity to the use of modern information technologies. There is a lack of susceptibility to scientific and technological progress by the modern economy of Russia at the macroeconomic level.

ECOLOGICAL, ECONOMICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT. DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION RELATED TO CO2 EMISSIONS IN ECUADOR

Decomposition Analysis (DA) is widely applied in understanding changes of economical, technological, environmental, and different indicators as energy consumption, employment and other socio-economic indicators. This work discusses the DA methodology and is applied within Ecuadorian case. We present the used technique, the applied mathematical methodology and the construction of an appropriate identity to measure the change of CO2 emission in Ecuador during the period of 1980-2025. Change is measured in both macro and disaggregated sectorial level. Specific aspects related to the application of DA to both the historical period (1980-2010) and in medium term prevision (2011-2025) for four proposed macro scenarios are discussed. The findings show that the evolution of the BS scenario, which implies a trend-growth GDP scenario, is almost a flat curve, however the CO2 emission increases steadily because of the absence of attenuation measurements. A similar behavior, although slightly sloping down, is observed for SC-2 scenario, where a rapid growth of the GDP is assumed without any attenuation action regarding to CO2 emissions. The other two scenarios, SC-3 and SC-4 show a steady reduction of the Dtot = Dact ratio due to the changes in the sectorial structure and in the energy mix, which allows compensation of rapid GDP growth. This analysis suggests that, with the appropriate changes in the energy mix, the sectorial structure, and the share of renewable energies, Ecuador can move into a more environmentally sustainable state.

STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: SYSTEM-ANALYTICAL ASPECTS

The article has substantiated that the potential of economic growth of the country and the welfare of the population depends on the quality of the sectorial structure of the economy, including the high share of high-tech industries and favorable business conditions. The analysis of the branch structure of the economy of Ukraine in the context of the main types of economic activity is conducted. Their current structure and trends are committed. It is determined that in the structure of the national economy as of 2019, trade continues to dominate, and the share of innovative production in various industries remains low. In particular, it is estimated that in total, such sectors of the economy as agriculture, processing industry, construction, transport and third of the total gross value added. It is concluded that such values are objectively insufficient for an economy that aspires to development and competitiveness. The results of the analysis allowed identifying systemic structural defects of the national economy of Ukraine, which do not contribute to further socioeconomic progress of the country and its regions, lead to deindustrialization and increase the processes of degradation of the economic complex. Among them: high level of corruption and systemic shadowing of the economy and criminalization of economic relations, inefficient sectorial structure of the economy with a critically high level of resource-intensive and energy-intensive production, inefficient functioning of sectors that provide social development, including housing and communal services, medicine, education services, elements social infrastructure. The necessity of strengthening the role of the banking system in stimulating the increase of domestic production, development of the real sector of the national economy and branches of high-tech production is proved.

Changes of the Geographical Distribution of Czechoslovak Industry 1962-1988

The paper deals with changes in the sectorial structure of Czechoslovak economy with respect to development and changes in the geographical distribution of Czechoslovak industry in the period of 1962-1988 divided into three stages and with respect to broader historical context and changes after November 17th, 1989.