An experimental test of the habit-goal framework: Depressive rumination is associated with heightened habitual characteristics of negative thinking but not habit-directed behavior control

Habitual thinking may underpin a heightened disposition to engage in rumination in response to negative mood, a widely held notion that has rarely been directly tested. The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether rumination is associated with habitual attributes and whether it is related to an imbalance in habit relative to goal-directed behavior control. University students (N=115) completed self-report questionnaires, a rumination induction paradigm and an outcome devaluation task that measures habitual vs goal-directed behavior control. Greater habitual characteristics of negative thinking (e.g., automaticity, lack of conscious awareness, control, and intent) were associated with ruminative brooding but not ruminative reflection and predicted more persistent dysphoric mood following rumination induction. Rumination was not, however, consistently associated with an imbalance in habit versus goal-directed behavior control. These findings indicate that depression vulnerability may be in the form of rumination being habitually triggered (without awareness or intent) with deleterious effects on mood. Although habitual, rumination may not be related to an imbalance in habit relative to goal-directed behavior control. These findings provide support for current theoretical accounts of rumination and set important boundary conditions in the search for specific factors that contribute to rumination as a habit.

The Management of Long-Term Psychiatric Sequelae in a Young Woman Who Suffered From Suspected Autoimmune Limbic Encephalitis

We report the case of a 23-year-old woman who presented to our Psychiatry Unit with a complex psychiatric symptomatology, 6 years after suffering from a form of encephalopathy which was retrospectively and hypothetically labeled as autoimmune limbic encephalitis. Over the years, several psychopharmacological therapies had been initiated, but none of them led to substantial remission of symptomatology. During the first visit, symptoms were characterized by dysphoric mood with suicidal ideation, anxiety, delusional thoughts. Self-harm and psychogenic seizures with daily frequency were also reported. A therapy with slow-release lithium sulfate, lurasidone, and lorazepam was prescribed. After 6 months of treatment, psychopathological manifestations significantly improved.

PECULARITY OF SENSATION, PERCEPTION AND EMOTIONAL FUNCTIONING DISORDERS IN PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA AND OBESITY

Oprya Ye.In the paper it was presented the results of the clinical and psychopathological study of the presence and pecularity of emotional disturbances, perception and functioning of the emotional sphere of patients with schizophrenia and obesity. 44 patients which previously were diagnosed with schizophrenia and obesity were investigated in a comparative aspect with patients with schizophrenia but without obesity and other concomitant somatic pathology (50 patients). It has been established that the combination of obesity with schizophrenia is characterized by a certain specific sensation disorder, perception and emotional functioning, manifested by the presence in the clinical picture of schizophrenia senestopathy and complex hallucinations (which along with auditory and visual hallucinations also include visceral hallucinations and hallucinations of the skin sensation), rigidity of emotional reactions, the presence of distinct emotional disturbances of the depressive spectrum and dysphoric mood disorders.Key words: schizophrenia, obesity, sensation and perception, emotional disturbances РезюмеОСОБЛИВОСТІ РОЗЛАДІВ ВІДЧУТТІВ, СПРИЙНЯТТЯ ТА ЕМОЦІЙНОГО ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ У ХВОРИХ НА ШИЗОФРЕНІЮ З ОЖИРІННЯМОпря Є. В роботі представлено результати клініко-психопатологічного дослідження наявності та особливостей розладів відчуттів, сприйняття та функціонування емоційної сфери хворих на шизофренію з ожирінням (досліджено 44 хворих на шизофренію з діагнозом ожиріння) в порівняльному аспекті з хворими на шизофренію без ожиріння та іншої супутньої соматичної патології (50 хворих). Встановлено, що поєднання шизофренії з ожирінням характеризується певною специфікою розладів відчуттів, сприйняття та емоційного функціонування, що виявляються наявністю в клінічній картині шизофренії сенестопатій та комплексних галюцинацій (що наряду зі слуховими та зоровими включають також вісцеральні галюцинації та галюцинації шкірного відчуття), в’язкістю емоційних реакцій, наявністю виразних емоційних порушень депресивного спектру та дисфоричних розладів настрою.Ключові слова: шизофренія, ожиріння, розлади відчуттів та сприйняття, емоційні порушення РезюмеОСОБЕННОСТИ РАССТРОЙСТВ ОЩУЩЕНИЙ, ВОСПРИЯТИЯ И ЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНОГО ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ У БОЛЬНЫХ ШИЗОФРЕНИЕЙ С ОЖИРЕНИЕМОпря Е. В работе представлены результаты клинико-психопатологического исследования наличия и особенностей расстройств ощущений, восприятия и функционирования эмоциональной сферы больных шизофренией с ожирением (исследовано 44 больных шизофренией с диагнозом ожирения) в сравнительном аспекте с больными шизофренией без ожирения и другой сопутствующей соматической патологии (50 больных). Установлено, что сочетание шизофрении с ожирением характеризуется определенной спецификой расстройств ощущений, восприятия и эмоционального функционирования, которая заключается в наличии в клинической картине шизофрении сенестопатий и комплексных галлюцинаций (которые наряду со слуховыми и зрительными включают также висцеральные галлюцинации и галлюцинации кожного чувства), вязкостью эмоциональных реакций, наличием выраженных эмоциональных нарушений депрессивного спектра и дисфорических расстройств настроения.Ключевые слова: шизофрения, ожирение, нарушения ощущений и восприятия, эмоциональные нарушения

Core Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder among Palliative Care Patients

A valid method to diagnose depression in palliative care has not been established. In this study, we aim to determine the prevalence of depression and the discriminant validity of the items of four sets of diagnostic criteria in palliative care. This is a cross-sectional study on 240 palliative care patients where the presence of depression was based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM–IV Criteria, Modified DSM–IV Criteria, Cavanaugh Criteria, and Endicott’s Criteria’s. Anxiety, depression, and distress were measured with Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Distress Thermometer. The prevalence of depression among the palliative care patients was highest based on the Modified DSM–IV Criteria (23.3%), followed by the Endicott’s Criteria (13.8%), DSM–IV Criteria (9.2%), and Cavanaugh Criteria (5%). There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the depressive symptoms showed by DSM–IV item 1 (dysphoric mood), item 2 (loss of interest or pleasure), and Endicott’s criteria item 8 (brooding, self-pity, or pessimism) among the palliative patients, even after adjustment for the anxiety symptoms and distress level. We found that dysphoric mood, loss of interest, and pessimism are the main features of depression in palliative patients. These symptoms should be given more attention in identifying depression in palliative care patients.

Premorbid social adjustment and association with attenuated psychotic symptoms in clinical high-risk and help-seeking youth

BackgroundAttenuated positive symptom syndrome (APSS), characterized by ‘putatively prodromal’ attenuated psychotic-like pathology, indicates increased risk for psychosis. Poor premorbid social adjustment predicts severity of APSS symptoms and predicts subsequent psychosis in APSS-diagnosed individuals, suggesting application for improving detection of ‘true’ prodromal youth who will transition to psychosis. However, these predictive associations have not been tested in controls and therefore may be independent of the APSS diagnosis, negating utility for improving prediction in APSS-diagnosed individuals.MethodAssociation between premorbid social maladjustment and severity of positive, negative, disorganized, and general APSS symptoms was tested in 156 individuals diagnosed with APSS and 76 help-seeking (non-APSS) controls enrolled in the Enhancing the Prospective Prediction of Psychosis (PREDICT) study using prediction analysis.ResultsPremorbid social maladjustment was associated with social anhedonia, reduced expression of emotion, restricted ideational richness, and deficits in occupational functioning, independent of the APSS diagnosis. Associations between social maladjustment and suspiciousness, unusual thought content, avolition, dysphoric mood, and impaired tolerance to normal stress were uniquely present in participants meeting APSS criteria. Social maladjustment was associated with odd behavior/appearance and diminished experience of emotions and self only in participants who did not meet APSS criteria.ConclusionsPredictive associations between poor premorbid social adjustment and attenuated psychotic-like pathology were identified, a subset of which were indicative of high risk for psychosis. This study offers a method for improving risk identification while ruling out low-risk individuals.

TINGKAT TRAUMA DALAM KALANGAN GURU BIMBINGAN DAN KONSELING SERTA GURU AGAMA PADA SEKOLAH LANJUTAN ATAS DI KOTA BANDA ACEH PASCA GEMPA DAN TSUNAMI

Gempa dan tsunami yang terjadi pada tanggal 26 Desember Tahun 2004 di Kota Banda Aceh, diduga banyak mayarakat, tidak terkecuali guru Bimbingan Konseling dan Agama di Sekolah Lanjutan Atas (SLTA) akan mengalami trauma pasca peristiwa tersebut. Patel (2003) menyatakan trauma adalah suatu peristiwa yang menyebabkan ketakutan dalam kehidupan seseorang dan menimbulkan stress yang negatif. Ada beberapa jenis trauma, yaitu: (1) Trauma Personal (korban perkosaan, kematian orang tercinta, korban kejahatan, dll) Perang dan keganasan, (2) Trauma Mayor (bencana alam, kebakaran, dll), trauma ini umumnya menyebabkan trauma pada sejumlah besar orang pada masa yang sama seperti peristiwa tsunami. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat trauma yang dialami guru bimbingan konseling dan guru agama di SLTA. Penelitian ini mengunakan intrumen Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI) yang sudah di adaptasikan dalam bahasa Indonesia dan sudah di uji validitas dan reliabilitasnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat trauma guru bimbingan konseling dan agama rata-rata berada di tingkat rendah. Pernyataan ini didasari dari temuan hasil penelitian pada tingkat respon dua skala TSI yaitu skala validitas indikator ATR, RL dan INC berada pada tingkat rendah, begitu juga pada skala klinik yang terdiri dari empat dimensi yaitu dimensi Dysphoric Mood, terdiri dari tiga indikator yaitu: AA, D dan AI; (2) Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) dengan indikator IE, DA dan DIS; (3) Dysfunction Sexualden SC dan DSB, dan (4) Self Dysfunction dengan indikator ISR dan TRB juga rendah.