Mouth Rinsing With a Pink Non-caloric, Artificially-Sweetened Solution Improves Self-Paced Running Performance and Feelings of Pleasure in Habitually Active Individuals

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether mouth rinsing with a pink non-caloric, artificially sweetened solution can improve self-selected running speed and distance covered during a 30 min running protocol.Methods: Ten healthy and habitually active individuals (six males, four females) completed two experimental trials in a randomised, single-blind, crossover design. Each experimental trial consisted of a 30 min treadmill run at a self-selected speed equivalent to 15 (hard/heavy) on the rating of perceived exertion scale. During exercise, participants mouth rinsed with either a pink or a clear non-caloric, artificially sweetened solution, with performance, perceptual and physiological measures obtained throughout.Results: Self-selected running speed (+0.4 ± 0.5 km·h−1, p = 0.024, g = 0.25) and distance covered (+213 ± 247 m, p = 0.023, g = 0.25) during the 30 min running protocol were both improved by 4.4 ± 5.1% when participants mouth rinsed with the pink solution when compared to the clear solution. Feelings of pleasure were also enhanced during the 30 min treadmill run when participants mouth rinsed with the pink solution, with ratings increased from 3.4 ± 0.7 in the clear condition to 3.8 ± 0.6 in the pink condition (+0.4 ± 0.5, p = 0.046, g = 0.54).Conclusion: Mouth rinsing with a pink non-caloric, artificially sweetened solution improved self-selected running speed, total distance covered, and feelings of pleasure obtained during a 30 min running protocol when compared to an isocaloric and taste-matched clear solution.

POTENTIAL HYDROLOGI FOR IRRIGATION LOCATIONCANDIDATE LOCATION OF PADDY FIELD IN EAST BARITO DISTRICT OF CENTRAL KALIMANTAN

This district of Katigan is a small part of the entire area and land surveys for the purposes of paddy field printing of the Central Kalimantan Provincial Agriculture Office. This activity aims to find the feasibility of irrigation potential that will flow through the paddy fields that have been in clean and clear condition in terms of the area, included in the category of decent land for rice crops, and the existence of adequate water sources to flow the rice fields. The water requirement for plants is basically obtainable directly from the rain water, the rainfall each season will not be the same. Therefore, we need a way to manage water with a need to manage water optimally, one of them is the use of irrigation system. The planned irrigation system for the Katingan irrigation area and its surroundings is a gravity irrigation system. The irrigation network used is a technical irrigation network. The total irrigation area is 352,6 Ha. The planned plot is 3 plots with the area of each plot between 3,6 ha to 99,9 Ha. The water requirement per hectare before adjusting to the efficiency of each channel is planned to be 1.2 ltr/s/ ha.

Vowel Acoustics in Parkinson's Disease and Multiple Sclerosis: Comparison of Clear, Loud, and Slow Speaking Conditions

Purpose The impact of clear speech, increased vocal intensity, and rate reduction on acoustic characteristics of vowels was compared in speakers with Parkinson's disease (PD), speakers with multiple sclerosis (MS), and healthy controls. Method Speakers read sentences in habitual, clear, loud, and slow conditions. Variations in clarity, intensity, and rate were stimulated using magnitude production. Formant frequency values for peripheral and nonperipheral vowels were obtained at 20%, 50%, and 80% of vowel duration to derive static and dynamic acoustic measures. Intensity and duration measures were obtained. Results Rate was maximally reduced in the slow condition, and vocal intensity was maximized in the loud condition. The clear condition also yielded a reduced articulatory rate and increased intensity, although less than for the slow or loud conditions. Overall, the clear condition had the most consistent impact on vowel spectral characteristics. Spectral and temporal distinctiveness for peripheral–nonperipheral vowel pairs was largely similar across conditions. Conclusions Clear speech maximized peripheral and nonperipheral vowel space areas for speakers with PD and MS while also reducing rate and increasing vocal intensity. These results suggest that a speech style focused on increasing articulatory amplitude yields the most robust changes in vowel segmental articulation.

The Condition Of Mandarin Language Learning In Indonesia

The condition of Mandarin language learning in Indonesia was still a main issue for Mandarin lecturers and researchers in China and Indonesia. To find out the clear condition, a research having a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods was done, in which questionairs were distributed and interviews with Mandarin students, lecturers, and experts were conducted. Respondents were selected by random sampling. After data analysis, a conclusion which indicates a general condition and some problems in the process of teaching and learning Mandarin, as well as the use of learning materials can be presented. The research results show that at present, the Mandarin learners are still dominated by the descendants of Tionghoa, even though learners coming from non-Tionghoa’s descendants are getting increase; learners’ motivation in studying Mandarin is closely related with the self-identity as Tionghoa’s descendants and the job’s demands; Mandarin language still belongs to the second language in Indonesia and has not able to replace the domination of English; the insufficiency of lecturers and learning materials in the past have significantly provided, but this condition has not solved the problems, especially which concerns to the improvement of the quality of learners and local learning materials.

The Coordination of Visual Observation and Instrumental Behavior in Early Infancy

Infants aged 5–12 weeks were shown a silent colour film whose clarity/focus was contingent on their sucking on a dummy nipple. In the ‘suck-for-clear’ condition the mean rate of sucking increased significantly over baseline level, and decreased when the contingency shifted to ‘suck-for-blur’. When the initial condition was suck-for-blur, sucking rate remained close to baseline level (even after the shift to suck-for-clear). Time spent looking at the clear film increased in both conditions, but there was little change in looking at the blurred pictures. With the introduction of the contingency conditions patterns of looking at the clearing and cleared pictures changed, and looking at the cleared picture increased in the suck-for-clear but not the suck-for-blur condition. Asymmetry of the results indicates that infants are better able to use an active response for instrumental means than to inhibit a response to achieve instrumental control. Implications for the development of voluntary control of action are explored.