Industrial Wastewater Pollution and Advanced Treatment Techniques

Industry creates more pressure on water resources by wastewater discharge than the quantity used in production. The wastewater produced by industries may be either excessively acidic or alkaline or may contain high or low concentrations of colored matter, organic or toxic materials, and possibly pathogenic bacteria. It is necessary to pre-treat the wastes prior to release to the sewer or a full treatment is necessary when this is discharged directly to surface or ground waters and it must be within the effluent standard limits provided by the environmental protection organizations. The management and control of liquid wastes in the industry as well as the selection of the different possible treatments for the wastewater prior to its discharge to the sewer system was studied. These would protect the environment and also benefits from the waste materials can be gained. Opportunities for introducing pollution prevention measures for different types of pollutants produced by different industries are discussed in this chapter.

Selection of black elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) and evaluation of its fruits usability as biologically valuable food

To carry out domestication, five genotypes (B1, B2, R, VG and RK) were isolated from natural populations by selection of black elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.). The most prominent biological-technological characteristics were studied during fruit flowering and ripening. Flowering proceeded in the period from mid-April to the 1st decade of June, while ripening lasted from the 1st decade of August to the 1st decade of October. The largest inflorescences were found in genotype R (14.32 cm in diameter). The highest number of berries per inflorescence (on average, 280), the largest berry (on average, 0.21 g), and the best fruit quality (17.19% dry matter, 11.50% sugars, 35 mg vitamin C, and 2.58 g/l total colored matter) were all demonstrated by genotype VG. In all isolated genotypes fruit demonstrated biologically high quality, which makes it a good raw material desirable for diverse forms of processing. Its high yield level, pronounced resistance to disease agents and pests, as well as adaptability to adverse conditions are a recommendation for organic-based production.

Decoloration system using rotating membrane UF module

A wastewater reclamation system using a rotating membrane UF module has been studied by adding a powdered activated carbon to a biological treatment process to remove the organic colored matter. In this system, a powdered activated carbon dosage of 50 mg/l, and retention time of 4.5 hours have been required to stably obtain a treated water with a color of less than 5 degrees. It was found that the activated sludge dewaterability could be improved by adding the powdered activated carbon and the rotating membrane UF module could operate at a set flux of 1.0 m3/m2·d for about one and half years.

Methods for Some Alkaloids, Barbiturates, and Combinations. II. Collaborative Study of an Ion Exchange Method for Ephedrine Sulfate or Amphetamine Sulfate Alone or Combined with Barbiturates and Antihistamines

Sympathomimetic amines and antihistamines are retained on a column of sulfonated polystyrene cation exchange resin by the positive charge located in the cationic center of the molecule. These basic compounds are eluted from the column with appropriate concentrations of HCl and determined by UV absorption. An anion exchange column assists in removing interfering colored matter. The barbiturates pass through both columns with the original solvent and are measured by UV absorption in a buffered solution. Recoveries for the 8 drug ingredients in 3 combinations range from 98.9±1.7% for ephedrine sulfate to 95.4±3.8% for amphetamine sulfate on 3 practice samples per collaborator, and 99.5±2.0% for ephedrine sulfate to 96.7 ±3.3% for amphetamine sulfate on 6 unknown samples per collaborator. The method is recommended for adoption as official first action.