Non-letter characters in writing system. Exclamation mark

The article examines phrases with the exclamation mark in poetic discourse. Perceptual experiment was used to determine the degree of their emotional load. The material for the study was A. A. Block’s poem read by professional performers. The paper discusses a set of reasons that cause different emotional interpretation of the same poetic work and varying intonation patterns employed by the readers. It is argued that the multidimensional and mobile semiosis of poetic discourse, the mismatch of presuppositions and the lack of a common communicative base between the author and the reader account for differences in the actualization of the non-letter symbol additional function in writing. The results of the experiment show high degree of intonation shades variability whose graphic referent is the exclamation mark. The results also indicate the existence of a hierarchy in distributing emotional load, particularly, its increase towards the end of the poem which, in general, corresponds to the strategy of communicative patterns arrangement in the utterance.

MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN SIMBOL HURUF MELALUI PERMAINAN ULAR TANGGA PADA ANAK USIA 5-6 TAHUN DI DESA DUKUH KRAJAN RT 09 RW 01 KELURAHAN DUKUH KECAMATAN SIDOMUKTI KOTA SALATIGA

This study aims to improve the ability to recognize symbols of the letters through the game of snakes ladder in children aged 5-6 years in Desa Dukuh Krajan RT 09 RW 01, Kelurahan Dukuh, Kecamatan Sidomukti, Kota Salatiga. This research is a type of Action Research Research (PAR). This study uses the subjects of children aged 5-6 years, amounting to 5 children. Technique of collecting data by observation, documentation, and interview. Data analysis techniques using quantitative descriptive. The results of this study indicate that snakes ladder method can improve the ability to recognize symbols of letters. The increase of letter symbol recognition can be seen based on the increase of pre-action percentage because 53,33% increase in cycle I become 65,55%, in cycle II increase to 81,65%, so that learning can be said succeed because of its calculation. the percentage of the ability to recognize symbols shows 76%. Indicators used include children who can show the shape of the symbol (pre-writing), create a picture with some letters / posts that have been shaped letters, and write his own name.

ADVERBIA DALAM NOVEL ANGKATAN PUJANGGA BARU: NOVEL LAYAR TERKEMBANG KARYA SUTAN TAKDIR ALISJAH-BANA DAN NOVEL BELENGGU KARYA ARMIJN PANE

This study was conducted to describe (1) the type of abreviation and (2) the formation of abreviation in the weekly newspaper of Padang Ekspres in January 2018. This research type is qualitative research by using descriptive method. This research data is a kind of abreviation (abbreviations, acronyms, fragments, contractions, and symbols) that exist in the news sentences of the weekly newspaper Padang Ekspres January 2018. The data sources of this research in the newspaper Padang Ekpres Weekly edition in January 2018. Based on the results of data analysis obtained two research findings. First, the type of abreviation in the weekly newspaper Padang Ekspres January 2018, found five types of abreviation, namely (a) abbreviation, (b) acronym, (c)fragments, (d) contractions, and (e) symbols. Second, the formation of abreviation in the weekly newspaper Padang Ekspres January 2018, consists of four processes. (a) The formation of abbreviations consisting of: the first letters of each component; first letters with conjunction, preposition, reduplication, articulation and word; first letters; and first and third letter. (b) The formation of acronyms and contractions consisting of: the first syllabus of each component; first of each component, first two letters of each component, the first three letters of each component, the first two letters of the first two and the first two letters of the second component together with the deletion; and the sequence of various letters and syllables difficult to formulate. (c) The formation of a fragment consist of: that is letters the last syllable of a word and partial splitting sequence. (d) The formation of letter symbol consisting of: that is symbol of letters that characterize size consisting of first letters of consolidation of component, letter symbol expressing data number, and symbol letters that mark currency. Keywords: Adverbs, Novel, Pujangga Baru

PEMBENTUKAN ABREVIASI DALAM SURAT KABAR PADANG EKSPRES

This study was conducted to describe (1) the type of abreviation and (2) the formation of abreviation in the weekly newspaper of Padang Ekspres in January 2018. This research type is qualitative research by using descriptive method. This research data is a kind of abreviation (abbreviations, acronyms, fragments, contractions, and symbols) that exist in the news sentences of the weekly newspaper Padang Ekspres January 2018. The data sources of this research in the newspaper Padang Ekpres Weekly edition in January 2018. Based on the results of data analysis obtained two research findings. First, the type of abreviation in the weekly newspaper Padang Ekspres January 2018, found five types of abreviation, namely (a) abbreviation, (b) acronym, (c)fragments, (d) contractions, and (e) symbols. Second, the formation of abreviation in the weekly newspaper Padang Ekspres January 2018, consists of four processes. (a) The formation of abbreviations consisting of: the first letters of each component; first letters with conjunction, preposition, reduplication, articulation and word; first letters; and first and third letter. (b) The formation of acronyms and contractions consisting of: the first syllabus of each component; first of each component, first two letters of each component, the first three letters of each component, the first two letters of the first two and the first two letters of the second component together with the deletion; and the sequence of various letters and syllables difficult to formulate. (c) The formation of a fragment consist of: that is letters the last syllable of a word and partial splitting sequence. (d) The formation of letter symbol consisting of: that is symbol of letters that characterize size consisting of first letters of consolidation of component, letter symbol expressing data number, and symbol letters that mark currency.Keywords: Abreviation, Newspaper, Padang Ekspress

MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN MENGENAL LAMBANG HURUF MELALUI MEDIA KARPET HURUF PADA KELOMPOK A DI TK MEKAR SARI TENGGARONG SEBERANG

From sixteen students in group A of Mekar Sari Kindergarten Tenggarong Seberang, only two of them recognized letters. Therefore, the researcher conducted a classroom action research to improve students’ ability in recognizing symbols of letters by using letter mat. This study applied two cycle wherein each cycle consists of palnning, implementation, observation and reflection. To gather the data, the researcher employed observation. Meanwhile, to analyze the data, the researcher applied percentage analysis. As the research subjects, the researcher involved sixteen students, consisting of seven males and nine females.At the first cycle, 68,75% students were able to repeat the symbols of letters the teacher mentioned. 68,75% students managed to mention the letter symbols. 62,5% students managed to mention the letters of their own names. 68,75% students were able to mention the letter symbol which teacher mentioned. In other words, in the first cycle, 68,75% students managed to recognize symbols of letter. Moreover, at the second cycle, 100% students were able to repeat the symbols of letters the teacher mentioned. 100% students managed to mention the symbols letter symbols. 87,5% students managed to mention the mention the letters of their own names. 100% students were able to mention the letter symbol which teacher mentioned. It can be concluded that 97,5% students successfully recognized the symbols of letters and were considered able to develop well.In brief, learning letter through letter mat has effectively increased students’ ability in recognizing symbols of letters, especially in group A at Mekar Sari Kindergarten Tenggarong Seberang. Therefore, it is recommended for teachers to use the letter mat for teaching letters.

The old and the new formation of euphemisms. Graphical euphemisms formation in electronic discourse

Euphemistic substitution occurs due to taboo issues and the most common taboo subjects are physiological actions or their results (motion, sexual intercourse etc) thus the basic function of euphemistic substitution is to soften an offensive, vulgar word. A euphemism is usually defined as a softer, a more neutral substitute for vulgar words, however, such a definition is narrow and not precise as it only indicates one feature of euphemism formation, i.e. correctness, tact. Ascribing euphemisms only to the field of tropes does not reflect their contemporary distribution. Now euphemisms are also used as a linguistic means to conceal facts and manipulate the audience. It is necessary to understand the contemporary usage of euphemisms by two perspectives, i.e. as (1) a neutral word or phrase that is used instead of a synonymous one which is impolite or politically incorrect; and also as (2) individual, occasional contextual substitutions aimed at misrepresenting or concealing facts, real meaffning etc. The new usage of euphemisms is especially relevant to advocate and consolidate new social or political doctrines, "to positively inform" about acts of war carried out by totalitarian regimes, etc. Researchers investigating euphemism usage sometimes do not even mention graphical euphemism formation or do not pay greater attention to it, although in electronic discourse this is a widespread phenomenon. In written language in order to achieve euphemistic effect, a word can be restructured or changed by using non-letter graphical symbols instead of letters, euphemised graphical equivalents can be created. Graphical euphemism formation in manipulative media is not common due to obviousness. Graphical euphemisms as substitutes for obscene vocabulary are most commonly used in internet forums, article comments, interactive chat rooms. When using a graphical euphemism, the automatic check programme does not recognise it as a swearword, a vulgar word and allows inserting such a message. The article distinguishes six types of graphical euphemism formation in electronic discourse: insertion of a letter, insertion of a space, insertion of a non-letter symbol, substitution of a letter with a non-letter symbol, omission of a word part (beginning, middle, ending) and encryption. Together with these types, the cases of occasional and mixed euphemism formation are discussed. The most common type is the omission of a word part (beginning, middle, ending), another common category is that of the substitution of a letter with a non-letter symbol. Less frequent is euphemism formation by inserting a letter, a space or some other non-letter symbol into a word, while the least frequent and unpopular are cases of encrypting a euphemised word.

Effects of Performance and Race in Children's Division of Rewards

16 boys and 16 girls in second grade felt they had worked harder when their scores were higher on letter-symbol substitution, but high performers were underrewarded. Black children tended to request fewer prizes but this might be related to the experimenter's being white.

Forward and Backward Associations in Learning Letter Sounds

20 preschool children were instructed in letter-sound correspondences in one of two ways. One group was presented with the letter symbol and asked to produce the sound, while the other group was presented with the letter sound and asked to point to the corresponding letter symbol in an array of letters. After the last acquisition trial, the children were given a reversal trial in which they were presented with the usual response and asked to produce the stimulus. Performance of both groups on the reversal trial was significantly lower than on the last acquisition trial.