Analysis of the Use of Punctuation Marks in Student's Thesis of Indonesian Language Education Study Program

This study aims to determine the use of full stop punctuation (.), comma (,), question mark (?), and exclamation mark (!) in the thesis of 2018-2019 students of the Indonesian Language Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Iqra Buru University. This research is a type of qualitative research. Data collection techniques through reading techniques, note-taking techniques, and data card techniques. The results showed that of the two thesis that the researcher analyzed, the researcher found that the use of full stop punctuation marks (.) was more likely than the use of comma punctuation marks (,). The use of question punctuation (?) and use of exclamation mark (!) did not find any errors in their use in the two thesis students of the Indonesian language education study program at Iqra Buru University.

Pieturzīmes senajos latviešu tekstos

Early written Latvian texts are important sources not only for linguistics but also for culture and social studies. Latvian texts (and indeed Latvian culture as a whole) show consistent German influence. These texts were produced in a cross-cultural context of Catholicism and Protestantism and display elements from local folklore. The history of the Latvian written language dates to the 16th century and is largely linked to the Reformation of the Church. The earliest texts from the 16th century are various versions of translations of the Lord’s Prayer, as well as separate short records in the books of Riga trade associations. Since the 17th century, the scope of genres of written sources widens: lexicographical, legal, and other secular texts have been published. There are two significant aspects of these early Latvian texts. The first is that most of the texts were translations from German, Latin, and Polish, and there were very few original texts. The second aspect is that most of the translators were not native speakers of Latvian. First punctuation marks in Latvian appeared in the 16th century in translations from the German language. In 16th-century texts, the following punctuation marks – point, question mark, slash, double hyphen, colon, and parentheses – were used. Semicolons and exclamation marks were used in 17th-century writings. The following punctuation marks have entered the 18th century: a dash, dots, round quotation marks, a comma, and an apostrophe, but they had been used on a different basis than today. While reading various texts of the 16th and the 17th century, the author also looked at the punctuation marks used at this time – a point, a question mark, a slash, a colon, a semicolon, brackets, a double hyphen, and an exclamation mark. In this study, the use of punctuation marks of 11 texts of Early Written Latvian is analyzed, and a comparison of Early Latvian Texts and the Luther Bible is given. The descriptive method and the comparative method are used. At the end of the paper, the main conclusions are given.

Clinical and dermoscopic patterns of childhood alopecia areata in a tertiary care centre in North India

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> To describe the clinico epidemiologic profile and dermoscopic findings in children with alopecia areata (AA) and correlate the dermoscopic findings with stage and severity.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> The present study was performed over a period of six months, from July 2020 to December 2020 in a tertiary care hospital where 50 clinically diagnosed children ≤15 years with AA were enrolled. A thorough clinical examination followed by dermoscopy was performed. The results were tabulated and then analyzed statistically.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of presentation was 9.74 years. The most common site involved was scalp and the most common dermoscopic findings were yellow dots (25/50, 50%), short vellus hair (22/50, 44%), black dots (21/50, 42%), exclamation mark hair (15/50, 30%) and broken hair (11/50, 22%).</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> No significant associations was found between dermoscopic findings and severity or stage of childhood alopecia areata. There was a significant correlation of alopecia areata severity with nail findings in children with alopecia areata.</p>

Serum Interleukin-15 in Alopecia Areata and its correlation with dermoscopic findings

Background Alopecia areata is an autoimmune hair loss which frequently starts in childhood. Its presentation had an extreme variability not only in the time of initial onset but also in the duration, extent, and pattern of hair loss during any given episode of active loss. Moreover, the course of disease is unpredictable, with spontaneous regrowth of hair occurring in 80% of patients within the first year and sudden relapse at any given time. Due to the clinical variability and unpredictable nature of spontaneous regrowth, diagnosis and management may be difficult and challenging. Objective The aim of this study is to evaluate the serum levels of IL-15 in active alopecia areata and correlate them with disease severity and activity according to dermoscopic findings. Methods This case-control study were conducted in Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology department, Ain Shams University Hospitals included 30 patients with different clinical variants of AA, the diagnosis was made via clinical examination and dermoscopic findings. In addition, 30 apparently healthy individuals of matched age and sex as a control group were included in the study. Results Dermoscopic examination among cases showed that the most common dermoscopic findings in patients were vellus hair and yellow dots, while the least common finding was exclamation mark hairs. On comparing serum IL-15 in patients and control groups, it was found that serum levels of IL-15 in patients were significantly higher than those in the control group. There was no statistically significant difference in serum IL-15 levels between patients with negative and positive pull test, nail involvement, or body involvement. Similarly, no statistically significant difference in serum IL-15 levels in patients with various subjective disease activity was detected. However, there was a highly significant difference between serum IL-15 levels in different SALT score groups, with the highest levels being in the S3 group. There was a highly significant difference between IL-15 levels in patients with and without black dots. Also, there was significant difference between IL-15 in patients with and without broken hair, and exclamation mark hair. There was no significant difference in level of IL-15 among patients with and without yellow dots, and with and without vellus hair. Conclusion On the basis of the current study, we can conclude that IL-15 is significantly elevated in AA patients when compared to the control subjects. It is also a possible marker of AA severity. It is positively correlated with dermoscopic findings in AA patients, so dermoscopic findings can be useful in evaluating severity of alopecia areata.

Nonscarring Alopecia and Hypopigmented Lesions May Be Unusual Signs of Secondary Syphilis

Noncicatricial patchy alopecia of the scalp and focal areas of skin hypopigmentation imply a diagnosis of alopecia areata and vitiligo. We present a case of a 22-year-old patient in whom these symptoms were associated with positive spirochete reactions, which allowed making a diagnosis of syphilitic alopecia coexisting with leukoderma syphiliticum. Skin lesions and hair loss resolved after the treatment with benzathine benzylpenicillin. Trichoscopy in syphilitic alopecia is nonspecific, but the absence of features typical for alopecia areata such as exclamation mark hairs may be important on an early stage of the clinical workup.

Non-letter characters in writing system. Exclamation mark

The article examines phrases with the exclamation mark in poetic discourse. Perceptual experiment was used to determine the degree of their emotional load. The material for the study was A. A. Block’s poem read by professional performers. The paper discusses a set of reasons that cause different emotional interpretation of the same poetic work and varying intonation patterns employed by the readers. It is argued that the multidimensional and mobile semiosis of poetic discourse, the mismatch of presuppositions and the lack of a common communicative base between the author and the reader account for differences in the actualization of the non-letter symbol additional function in writing. The results of the experiment show high degree of intonation shades variability whose graphic referent is the exclamation mark. The results also indicate the existence of a hierarchy in distributing emotional load, particularly, its increase towards the end of the poem which, in general, corresponds to the strategy of communicative patterns arrangement in the utterance.

«THE NEW SYSTEM» OF PUNCTUATION MARKS IN TEXTING / MESSAGING: THE FINAL PUNCTUATION MARK OF AN UTTERANCE AS AN AMOTION GENERATING FACTOR

The paper considers communicative situations of texting / messaging in the aspect of contemporary punctuation form of the utterance. Final punctuation marks in the utterance which differ from the standard punctuation version are analyzed in the paper as a factor generating emotion. It influences the «positive communication» effects in messengers. The traditional functioning of the interrogative mark and changes in the full-stop and the exclamation mark functioning as the final punctuation marks in messengers are considered to be the strategies of creating the shared emotional field in the online communication.

«THE NEW SYSTEM» OF PUNCTUATION MARKS IN TEXTING / MESSAGING: THE FINAL PUNCTUATION MARK OF AN UTTERANCE AS AN AMOTION GENERATING FACTOR

The paper considers communicative situations of texting / messaging in the aspect of contemporary punctuation form of the utterance. Final punctuation marks in the utterance which differ from the standard punctuation version are analyzed in the paper as a factor generating emotion. It influences the «positive communication» effects in messengers. The traditional functioning of the interrogative mark and changes in the full-stop and the exclamation mark functioning as the final punctuation marks in messengers are considered to be the strategies of creating the shared emotional field in the online communication.