The old and the new formation of euphemisms. Graphical euphemisms formation in electronic discourse

2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Robertas Kudirka
Keyword(s):  
Basic Function ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Chat Rooms ◽  
Automatic Check ◽  
Electronic Discourse ◽  
Common Category ◽  
Symbol Substitution ◽  
Widespread Phenomenon ◽  
Totalitarian Regimes ◽  
Letter Symbol

  Euphemistic substitution occurs due to taboo issues and the most common taboo subjects are physiological actions or their results (motion, sexual intercourse etc) thus the basic function of euphemistic substitution is to soften an offensive, vulgar word. A euphemism is usually defined as a softer, a more neutral substitute for vulgar words, however, such a definition is narrow and not precise as it only indicates one feature of euphemism formation, i.e. correctness, tact. Ascribing euphemisms only to the field of tropes does not reflect their contemporary distribution. Now euphemisms are also used as a linguistic means to conceal facts and manipulate the audience. It is necessary to understand the contemporary usage of euphemisms by two perspectives, i.e. as (1) a neutral word or phrase that is used instead of a synonymous one which is impolite or politically incorrect; and also as (2) individual, occasional contextual substitutions aimed at misrepresenting or concealing facts, real meaffning etc. The new usage of euphemisms is especially relevant to advocate and consolidate new social or political doctrines, "to positively inform" about acts of war carried out by totalitarian regimes, etc. Researchers investigating euphemism usage sometimes do not even mention graphical euphemism formation or do not pay greater attention to it, although in electronic discourse this is a widespread phenomenon. In written language in order to achieve euphemistic effect, a word can be restructured or changed by using non-letter graphical symbols instead of letters, euphemised graphical equivalents can be created. Graphical euphemism formation in manipulative media is not common due to obviousness. Graphical euphemisms as substitutes for obscene vocabulary are most commonly used in internet forums, article comments, interactive chat rooms. When using a graphical euphemism, the automatic check programme does not recognise it as a swearword, a vulgar word and allows inserting such a message. The article distinguishes six types of graphical euphemism formation in electronic discourse: insertion of a letter, insertion of a space, insertion of a non-letter symbol, substitution of a letter with a non-letter symbol, omission of a word part (beginning, middle, ending) and encryption. Together with these types, the cases of occasional and mixed euphemism formation are discussed. The most common type is the omission of a word part (beginning, middle, ending), another common category is that of the substitution of a letter with a non-letter symbol. Less frequent is euphemism formation by inserting a letter, a space or some other non-letter symbol into a word, while the least frequent and unpopular are cases of encrypting a euphemised word. 

Effects of Performance and Race in Children's Division of Rewards

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 999-1000
Author(s):  
Bernadette Gray-Little
Keyword(s):  
Black Children ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
High Performers ◽  
Symbol Substitution ◽  
Letter Symbol

16 boys and 16 girls in second grade felt they had worked harder when their scores were higher on letter-symbol substitution, but high performers were underrewarded. Black children tended to request fewer prizes but this might be related to the experimenter's being white.

scholarly journals Features of idiolect in the punctuation of electronic mail

2011 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Gintarė Žalkauskaitė
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Mail ◽  
Electronic Communication ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Electronic Discourse ◽  
Punctuation Mark

  The article deals with the usage of punctuation marks in the emails of six different authors. Punctuation marks belong to the graphical level of a text, which makes the electronic discourse more distant from standard written language. As a result, a prediction is made that in the electronic communication punctuation marks may be used specifically. The aim of the article is to determine whether punctuation in electronic mail can be linked with the author's idiolect. The corpus of electronic messages under investigation consists of 65,090 words. In total, there are 13,548 punctuation marks used in it. In the present analysis of punctuation, an attempt is made to measure the total number of punctuation marks as well as the number of them as used by each author. In addition the situations in which each punctuation mark is used are also investigated. In the analysis of general tendencies in punctuation mark usage, it has been noted that many different punctuation marks are used in electronic messages. The most numerous marks have proved to be regular ones such as commas, full stops, question marks, dashes, suspension points, brackets, quotation marks, and exclamation marks. The punctuation marks that are used sparingly in traditional written language and electronic communication (various combinations of different punctuation marks, non-traditional variants of punctuation marks, slashes, semicolons) could have the identification value if they were used frequently by any of the authors in their texts.

scholarly journals Die internet as dinamiese taalomgewing: taalveranderingsverskynsels in Internetafrikaans

Literator ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Verhoef
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
Written Language ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Chat Rooms ◽  
New Horizons ◽  
The Third ◽  
Language Research ◽  
Dynamic Language ◽  
Language Environment

The internet as dynamic language environment: manifestations of language change in Internet Afrikaans It is generally accepted that the growing interest in the Internet has opened up new horizons for language research. Chenault (1997:1) asserts that the Internet is not about technology or information, but about communication. The aim with this article is to explore the Internet as a dynamic language environment in which emerging patterns of language change in modernday Afrikaans could be traced. Firstly, attention is paid to ways in which the internet speech community could be defined as a coherent speech community. A second aim with this article is to scrutinise the dichotomy between spoken and written language. This is done in order to indicate that linguistic innovations, which usually emerge from social interaction, find their way into written language in digital communication. The third aim is to take a close look at various forms or patterns of language change in Afrikaans as they are presently used in Afrikaans chat rooms on the Internet. The article concludes that Internet Afrikaans could be regarded as an aspect of virtual reality for Afrikaans because systematic patterns of language change which started long ago in Afrikaans are confirmed by the Internet language environment.

scholarly journals THE LANGUAGE OF SOCIAL NETWORKS: DEVELOPMENT TRENDS

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 1112-1116
Author(s):  
S.K. Kuchigina
Keyword(s):  
New Technology ◽  
Language Game ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Internet Communication ◽  
Chat Rooms ◽  
Sociological Study ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Remote Communication ◽  
General Picture ◽  
Internet Users

In our time, the written language is undergoing significant changes, which is associated with the emergence of new technology, equipped with special tools for remote communication. With the help of gadgets, you can send a message at any time without making any efforts, however, this communication format is increasingly reflected in the structure of the statements themselves: they are becoming shorter and more capacious in content, while regulatory requirements, as a rule, are not observed. With the emergence of the sphere of Internet communications we began to observe the transformation of the main types of communication: the boundaries between written and oral forms are increasingly blurred, which is especially clearly seen in the analysis of messages in blogs, chat rooms, on forums when discussing any legislative or regulatory acts. Internet communication is becoming a new form of perception of the general picture of the world, the language game predetermines the trajectory of changing the consciousness of Internet users. In order to identify problem areas in this area, a sociological study was carried out, the results of which are presented in the table.

The Tempo and mode(S) of Prebiotic Evolution

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 419-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Lazcano
Keyword(s):  
Origin Of Life ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Biological Evolution ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Early Diversification ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Widespread Phenomenon ◽  
The Origin Of Life

AbstractDifferent current ideas on the origin of life are critically examined. Comparison of the now fashionable FeS/H2S pyrite-based autotrophic theory of the origin of life with the heterotrophic viewpoint suggest that the later is still the most fertile explanation for the emergence of life. However, the theory of chemical evolution and heterotrophic origins of life requires major updating, which should include the abandonment of the idea that the appearance of life was a slow process involving billions of years. Stability of organic compounds and the genetics of bacteria suggest that the origin and early diversification of life took place in a time period of the order of 10 million years. Current evidence suggest that the abiotic synthesis of organic compounds may be a widespread phenomenon in the Galaxy and may have a deterministic nature. However, the history of the biosphere does not exhibits any obvious trend towards greater complexity or «higher» forms of life. Therefore, the role of contingency in biological evolution should not be understimated in the discussions of the possibilities of life in the Universe.

Word Prompt Programs

1997 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 57-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa A. Wood ◽  
Joan L. Rankin ◽  
David R. Beukelman
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Written Communication ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
Basic Word ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Language Needs

Word prompt programs are computer software programs or program features that are used in addition to basic word processing. These programs provide word lists from which a user selects a desired word and inserts it into a line of text. This software is used to support individuals with severe speech, physical, and learning disabilities. This tutorial describes the features of a variety of word prompt programs and reviews the current literature on the use of these programs by people with oral and written language needs. In addition, a matrix that identifies the features contained in eight sample word prompt programs is provided. The descriptions of features and the matrix are designed to assist speech-language pathologists and teachers in evaluating and selecting word prompt programs to support their clients' oral and written communication.

Collecting Words: A Clinical Example of a Morphology-Focused Orthographic Intervention

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 544-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly A. Murphy ◽  
Emily A. Diehm
Keyword(s):  
Written Language ◽  
Morphological Knowledge ◽  
English Orthography ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
The One ◽  
Critical Intervention ◽  
Reading And Spelling ◽  
Reading And Spelling Difficulties

Purpose Morphological interventions promote gains in morphological knowledge and in other oral and written language skills (e.g., phonological awareness, vocabulary, reading, and spelling), yet we have a limited understanding of critical intervention features. In this clinical focus article, we describe a relatively novel approach to teaching morphology that considers its role as the key organizing principle of English orthography. We also present a clinical example of such an intervention delivered during a summer camp at a university speech and hearing clinic. Method Graduate speech-language pathology students provided a 6-week morphology-focused orthographic intervention to children in first through fourth grade ( n = 10) who demonstrated word-level reading and spelling difficulties. The intervention focused children's attention on morphological families, teaching how morphology is interrelated with phonology and etymology in English orthography. Results Comparing pre- and posttest scores, children demonstrated improvement in reading and/or spelling abilities, with the largest gains observed in spelling affixes within polymorphemic words. Children and their caregivers reacted positively to the intervention. Therefore, data from the camp offer preliminary support for teaching morphology within the context of written words, and the intervention appears to be a feasible approach for simultaneously increasing morphological knowledge, reading, and spelling. Conclusion Children with word-level reading and spelling difficulties may benefit from a morphology-focused orthographic intervention, such as the one described here. Research on the approach is warranted, and clinicians are encouraged to explore its possible effectiveness in their practice. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12290687

They Have a Write to Go To College Too: Challenges for Secondary Level Students

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-13
Author(s):  
Joan Aker
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Writing Process ◽  
Secondary Level ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Language Disabilities ◽  
Written Language Development

Abstract Children with language disabilities at the secondary level experience significant difficulty in all components of the writing process. This article discusses issues contributing to student’s difficulty in writing as well as suggestions for how to support written language development in this population.

Preservice Efforts To Promote School-Based SLPs' Roles in Written Language Development

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 121-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Lanter ◽  
Claire Waldron
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Clinical Education ◽  
Written Language ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Leadership Roles ◽  
Clinical Experiences ◽  
School Based ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
Written Language Development

Abstract The authors describe an innovative clinical education program that emphasizes the provision of written language services by preservice speech-language pathology graduate students at Radford University in Virginia. Clinicians combined academic coursework in language acquisition in school-age children and clinical experiences that target children's written language development to promote future literacy-based leadership roles and collaborative efforts among school-based speech-language pathologists (SLPs). These literacy-based experiences prepare SLPs to serve in the growing numbers of American public schools that are implementing Response to Intervention models.

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