Intervention Effects follow from Scope Rigidity in Turkish

Intervention effects in Turkish wh-questions can be obviated by the overt movement of the wh-phrase past the intervener. This cross-linguistically robust method of intervention obviation raises an important question: what is it that bans the covert movement of the wh-phrase? I argue that this question finds a natural answer in Scope Rigidity, a general restriction on the availability of inverse scope. Importantly, including wh-phrases in the domain of Scope Rigidity calls for a scopal account of wh-phrases. I argue that this general approach has welcome consequences in explaining the source of intervention effects and in predicting what can intervene, and can even accommodate how extraction islands containing wh-phrases behave in intervention configurations.

Covid-19 Pandemic, Violence and Social Inequality in Nigeria.

The measures to curtail the spread of COVID-19 and prevent loss of lives across the globe include; lockdown of schools, religious worship centres, business centres, and a general restriction of movement of the people. The lockdown, which involuntarily confined people to different places of abode has numerous effects on the individuals and the society. This paper seeks to examine how COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated violence and social inequality in Nigeria and attempts possible solutions to the problem. The methodology includes the review of literature and reports. The findings show that, the lockdown has resulted in heightened levels of gender-related domestic violence and social inequality in the society. The closure of all educational institutions has left many young people idle. Some of these youths have ended upengaging inimmoral sexual activities with the opposite sex. Children also suffered molestation and harassment from predators. Newspaper reports revealan increasein cases of rape in the society during this period. The lockdown has caused job losses and salary cut which have translated into a reduction in government, private companies and individuals’ revenue. This situation affected many families negatively as it led to financial hardship in homes and increased misunderstandings and various forms of negative tensions and domestic violence in the society. Spousal violence, landlord-tenant violence, house-owner and house-help violence, violence on widows, boyfriend- girlfriend violence is now more commonplace in the society. Even though it is undeniable that gender-based violence had existed before the pandemic, the malaise has been greatly aggravated by this deadly disease.

Legal Framework of Agricultural Land/Holding Succession and Acquisition in Slovenia

Agricultural land legislation in Slovenia contains extensive special provisions that directly regulate the legal transfer of agricultural land and holdings inter vivos and mortis causa, including inheritance. Additionally, some measures within the common agricultural policy (such as financial support for the takeover of farms by young farmers) and tax policies (exemptions) provide incentives or alleviations for certain legal transactions involving the transfer of agricultural land and holdings. Among special provisions on the transfer of agricultural land and holdings, those relating to a statutory preemption right and a statutory priority right to lease agricultural land have the longest continuity (from the late 1950s). The holders of these priority rights must meet certain requirements and range in several priority classes. At first, agricultural organisations as legal persons had better priority rights than farmers. In 1990, the priority order was reversed by placing individual farmers before legal persons, individual agricultural entrepreneurs, and the National Agricultural Land and Forest Fund (NALFF). In 1973, the agricultural land legislation prohibited the division of certain middle-sized family farms (protected farms) through inheritance (mortis causa) and later (1986), also inter vivos, (with certain exceptions). The Agricultural Land Act and the Forests Act also restrict the division of certain agricultural or forest land plots. The draft acts of 2019 and 2020 prepared by the Ministry of Agriculture foresee important changes of the agricultural land policy, including the priority order between the statutory preemption rights and the removal of a general restriction on the division of protected farms inter vivos.

Limitations on Property Rights

The modern concept of property cannot be understood without its limitations. Property is a comprehensive but not completely unlimited right. Restrictions represent the ultimate limit of the owner’s legal authority. In addition to the general restriction, there are special legal restrictions on property rights, as well as restrictions based on legal work. Their existence and operation must be within the limits of the guarantees provided by the provisions of the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Constitution of Republika Srpska and the First Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.

Potential Super Spreading’s of SARS-2 Pandemic. A Short Review

Corona viruses cause extensive SARS epidemics via super spread events (SSE). Due to variation in infection risk and heterogeneity of reproduction numbers specific distinction between SSE’s and typical case events is essential. SARS transmissions unveil a complex scenario in which SSE’s are shaped by multiple factors. Specific screening strategies for infection emergence within potential super spreading groups will help to efficiently control the SARS-2 pandemic and alleviate the partially effective general restriction measures.

When accent preservation leads to clash

In English, some complex words can display exceptional accent preservation (EAP): they can preserve an accent from their base even when this would violate a general restriction against adjacent accents (e.g. retúrn → retùrnée). This article analyses EAP both empirically and theoretically. The analysis of a set of 291 derivatives from Wells (2008) shows that this phenomenon can be partially attributed to the relative frequency of the base and its derivative and partially also to syllable structure, and that these two factors have a cumulative effect. It is also shown that the existence of a more deeply embedded base (e.g. colléct→ colléctive → còllectívity ~ collèctívity) can increase the likelihood for a derivative to display EAP. A formal account of the phenomenon is proposed building on Collie's (2007, 2008) ‘fake cyclicity’ analysis, using weighted constraints (Pater 2009, 2016) and Max-Ent-OT (Goldwater & Johnson 2003). Finally, a model of lexical access building on Hay's (2001, 2003) model and integrating more deeply embedded bases is proposed.

General Restriction of $(s,t)$-Wythoff's Game

A.S. Fraenkel introduced a new $(s,t)$-Wythoff's game which is a generalization of both Wythoff's game and $a$-Wythoff's game. Four new models of a restricted version of $(s,t)$-Wythoff's game, Odd-Odd $(s,t)$-Wythoff's Game, Even-Even $(s,t)$-Wythoff's Game, Odd-Even $(s,t)$-Wythoff's Game and Even-Odd $(s,t)$-Wythoff's Game, are investigated. Under normal or misère play conventions, all $P$-positions of these four models are given for arbitrary integers $s,t\geq 1$. For Even-Even $(s,t)$-Wythoff's Game, the structure of $P$-positions is given by recursive characterizations in terms of the mex function. For other models, the structures of $P$-positions are of algebraic form, which permit us to decide in polynomial time whether or not a given game position $(a,b)$ is a $P$-position.

Simple Cloning via Direct Transformation of PCR Product (DNA Multimer) to Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis

ABSTRACTWe developed a general restriction enzyme-free and ligase-free method for subcloning up to three DNA fragments into any location of a plasmid. The DNA multimer generated by prolonged overlap extension PCR was directly transformed inEscherichia coli[e.g., TOP10, DH5α, JM109, and BL21(DE3)] andBacillus subtilisfor obtaining chimeric plasmids.

A reconsideration of the motivations for preferred argument structure

Previous studies on Preferred Argument Structure have suggested (Du Bois 1987, 2002) and accepted (e.g. Goldberg 2004) specific cognitive motivations for PAS, namely that the general restriction of lexical arguments and new referents to the S and O roles facilitates the conceptually onerous task of referent introduction. In this paper, conversation data from English and Portuguese are analyzed. The data are generally inconsistent with the putative cognitive motivations for PAS presented in the literature. They suggest instead that PAS is most likely epiphenomenal and due to basic semantic and pragmatic factors, for example the correlation between human referents and given/non-lexical arguments, and the correlation between human referents and the A role.