Employment Quality Difference and Employment Quality Evaluation of English Majors in Colleges

Our society needs talents that excel in English-Chinese translation and English education. However, there is not yet a unified and scientific evaluation index system (EIS) for the employment quality of graduates from English department of colleges. Very few scholars have analyzed the difference between English majors in employment ability. Therefore, this paper decides to analyze the difference between English majors in employment ability, and evaluate their employment quality. Firstly, an EIS was constructed to evaluate and predict the employment quality of English majors in colleges. Secondly, the relevant indices were selected and analyzed in turn. Thirdly, an employment quality prediction model was constructed for English majors in colleges. The proposed EIS and model were proved effective through experiments.

Heterogeneity in Price Elasticity of Medicine Demand in China: Moderate Effect From Economic Incentive and Quality Difference

Objectives: Previous studies have shown a wide range of drug price elasticity, but the price response to demand among various therapeutic drug categories and drug types (generic/originator) is still unexplored in China. This study estimates the price elasticity of medicine demand with regard to quality differences, unfair competition, and a regulated market.Methods: Product-level data on anti-tumor, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and antimicrobial drugs were collected from the Tianjin Urban Employees’ Basic Medical Insurance database (2008–2010). The moderating effects of quality, profit incentive, and illegal rebates are considered in a dynamic panel model.Findings: Our results suggest that the price elasticity of drug demand varies across drug categories, with least elasticity for anti-tumor drugs and most elasticity for CVD drugs (−0.192 for anti-tumor drugs vs. −0.695 for antimicrobials vs. −1.100 for CVD drugs, p < 0.01). Moreover, the absolute value of price elasticity of generic drugs is higher than that of originator drugs in anti-tumor and CVD therapeutic classes (interact: 0.716 for anti-tumor; -0.630 for CVD, p < 0.001). We believe that quality difference plays a dominant role in the interaction between quality and illegal rebates for these two kinds of generic drugs. In the antimicrobial sub-group, the absolute value of price elasticity of generic medicine is lower than that of originator drugs. We believe that, owing to the high level of unfair competition among enterprises, the role of illegal kickbacks is dominant, which reduces the price elasticity of demand for generic antimicrobial drugs.Conclusion: Our study provides an overview of the result of interaction between quality and illegal rebates in different medicine markets in China and shows that disease type is a primary factor that impacts price elasticity.

Characterization of two closely related citrus cultivars using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS-based widely targeted metabolomics

Citrus cultivars are widely spread worldwide, and some of them only differ by specific mutations along the genome. It is difficult to distinguish them by traditional morphological identification. To accurately identify such similar cultivars, the subtle differences between them must be detected. In this study, UPLC-ESI-MS/MS-based widely targeted metabolomics analysis was conducted to study the chemical differences between two closely related citrus cultivars, Citrus reticulata ‘DHP’ and C. reticulata ‘BZH’. Totally 352 metabolites including 11 terpenoids, 35 alkaloids, 80 phenolic acids, 25 coumarins, 7 lignans, 184 flavonoids and 10 other compounds were detected and identified; Among them, 15 metabolites are unique to DHP and 16 metabolites are unique to BZH. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), and orthogonal signal correction and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) can be used to clearly discriminate between DHP and BZH. 93 metabolites including 36 down-regulated and 57 up-regulated are significantly different in DHP and BZH. They are mainly involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids, flavones, flavonols, and isoflavonoids. In addition, the relative content levels of flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids are much higher in the peel of DHP than that of BZH, the presence of which may correlate with the quality difference of the peels. The results reported herein indicate that metabolite analysis based on UPLC-ESI-MS/MS is an effective means of identifying cultivars with different genotypes, especially those that cannot be distinguished based on traditional identification methods.

The optimal product-line design and incentive mechanism in a supply chain with customer environmental awareness

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>Due to the increasing awareness of sustainable development, the manufacturer's product-line design gets wide attention. Nowadays, the traditional manufacturer that produces non-green products is considering whether to introduce upgraded green products. This paper studies the manufacturer's optimal product-line design considering the quality difference between non-green and green products. Besides, our model also investigates the difference in unit production cost, green research and development (R&amp;D) investment, and market segmentation. The results show that, from the manufacturer's perspective, producing green products is a better choice when non-green products are of low quality. In addition, the retailer is always inclined to sell green products. Further, the consumers' preference for non-green and green products is divided. And the consumer surplus under different product-line designs is analysed. Finally, two contracts are proposed and compared to encourage the manufacturer to produce green products.</p>