Deep Exploration of the Planets HR 8799 b, c, and d with Moderate-resolution Spectroscopy

The four directly imaged planets orbiting the star HR 8799 are an ideal laboratory to probe atmospheric physics and formation models. We present more than a decade’s worth of Keck/OSIRIS observations of these planets, which represent the most detailed look at their atmospheres to date by its resolution and signal-to-noise ratio. We present the first direct detection of HR 8799 d, the second-closest known planet to the star, at moderate spectral resolution with Keck/OSIRIS (K band; R ≈ 4000). Additionally, we uniformly analyze new and archival OSIRIS data (H and K band) of HR 8799 b, c, and d. First, we show detections of water (H2O) and carbon monoxide (CO) in the three planets and discuss the ambiguous case of methane (CH4) in the atmosphere of HR 8799 b. Then, we report radial-velocity (RV) measurements for each of the three planets. The RV measurement of HR 8799 d is consistent with predictions made assuming coplanarity and orbital stability of the HR 8799 planetary system. Finally, we perform a uniform atmospheric analysis on the OSIRIS data, published photometric points, and low-resolution spectra. We do not infer any significant deviation from the stellar value of the carbon-to-oxygen ratio (C/O) of the three planets, which therefore does not yet yield definitive information about the location or method of formation. However, constraining the C/O for all the HR 8799 planets is a milestone for any multiplanet system, and particularly important for large, widely separated gas giants with uncertain formation processes.

Current trends in ensuring the best interests of the child in child support cases

The article is sanctified to the application of the principle of ensuring the best interests of the child in the cases of recovery of alimony at the present stage of development of Ukrainian society. It is determined that the regulation of family relations with the participation of the child is increasingly focused on ensuring the best interests of the child. This principle also includes an element of the child's material security, which should be understood as the child's right to protection and care, which are necessary to provide material needs. The obligation of material support of the child is the responsibility of the state, which independently chooses the measures that will be used to achieve this goal.In Ukraine, the main responsibility for the child's financial support lies with the parents. The obligation to maintain the child is fulfilled by the parents voluntarily or compulsorily (by paying alimony). Alimony is accrued within the financial means of the parents, considering the living conditions necessary for the child's development. After analyzing the latest updates in the legislation of Ukraine, the author found that the legislator is taking active measures to properly regulate the issue of alimony. However, the quality of the introduced norms is not always at the proper level, which leads to conflicts in their application. By interpreting the principle of ensuring the best interests of the child in some cases, the court has the opportunity to close such gaps. However, in other cases, such efforts by the court are futile, as a result conflicts arising from the application of such rules do not find an effective solution. It only hinders the solution of the issue of providing the child with the necessary material support In opinion of author, the legislator should work to eliminate the problems listed in the article, and further improve the quality of the proposed rules in family law. Such norms should have not only a legitimate purpose, which is to ensure the interests of the child, but also an effective implementation mechanism. Otherwise, it will not bring the desired benefits and generate ambiguous case law, which is harmful. Keywords:the principle of ensuring the best interests of the child, alimony, family law relations.

The definitive role of CEUS in an ambiguous case of renal cell carcinoma

Angiomyolipoma is a benign tumor consisting of abnormal vessels, smooth muscles, and fatty tissue. Renal cell carcinoma is an insidious neoplasm accounting for approximately 2% of global cancer diagnoses. Due to similar diagnostic features, the differentiation between the two types is sometimes difficult. We hereby present the case of a 60-year-old patient with no clinical symptoms and a focal lesion in the parenchymal layer of the left kidney incidentally detected on ultrasound examination. The putative diagnosis was angiomyolipoma, which was then confirmed by another ultrasound and computed tomography examinations. However, a further radiologic consultation revealed another probable diagnosis – renal cell carcinoma. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound was conducted, and the enhancement pattern was suggestive of cancer. To sum up, a thorough imaging examination plays an important role in the diagnostic work-up of neoplastic lesions in the kidney. Even then, however, the radiological image of the lesion may be misleading, so differential diagnosis is important for making a proper diagnosis.

Proletarian and Revolutionary Literature in a Transnational Perspective (1920–1940)

Simultaneously an emblematic and ambiguous case of engaged literature, proletarian and revolutionary writings from 1920–1940 have been the focus of numerous studies: whether they be in Germany, France, the United States or Soviet Russia, the principal actors have been identified, certain works have been republished, and the ways in which these movements were first encouraged and then dismantled by the Communist International in the interest of the only accepted socialist realism have been demonstrated. However, the transnational and even global dimensions of this movement and the profound similarities among institutional processes carried out in different countries have been overlooked. Drawing on little-known critical sources from the Francophone world, this article reworks the terrain and presents the state of institutional sites of proletarian and revolutionary literature. To this end, small groups, magazines, and associations will be considered in order to shed new light on this era when, across the globe, workers turned into writers.

The Lives of Merchant Capital: The Frères Monneron and the Legacy of Old Regime Empire

This article scrutinizes the nineteenth-century legacy of the old regime’s commercial empire through the ambiguous case of the Monneron brothers. Having gained fortune and recognition in Indian Ocean trade, the brothers sat as deputies in the National Assembly, but by the end of the 1790s their affairs and reputations had been destroyed. Their experiences reveal how the politics of commerce fundamentally changed during the Revolution. But the Monnerons also draw our attention to structural developments in French commercial imperialism that preceded and transcended the Revolution. They helped facilitate French investment in the Indian Ocean in the final decades of the old regime, a ‘spatial fix’ in merchant capital that was carried out in anticipation of crisis in the Atlantic, and that was consolidated around the turn of the century through the introduction of sugar cultivation in the Mascarene islands. By reading the biographies of the Monnerons alongside the life of their capital, this article attempts to acknowledge the undeniable ruptures of revolutionary politics without losing sight of broader developments in the global history of capitalism.

The Problem of Context in the Analysis of Social Action: The Case of Implicit Whiteness in Post-apartheid South Africa

While the specification of situating context(s) is commonly treated as an indispensable part of social scientific research, the choices this involves are rarely directly explicated. An exception is conversation analysis (CA), which differs from many other approaches in its privileging of participants’ orientations as a basis for empirically grounding analytic specifications of context. In this article, I demonstrate how this approach to context, along with CA methods and findings, can be employed in addressing challenges associated with identifying and analyzing (possible) instances of the implicit relevance of racial categories in everyday social interaction. Using the case of implicit whiteness in post-apartheid South Africa as a site for considering these challenges, I examine a collection of interactions in which race becomes (possibly) relevant during the course of complaints about violent crime. I begin with an ambiguous case of a speaker’s possible implicit orientation to whiteness, demonstrating the use of CA for the close examination of available evidence for this orientation. I then describe how an approach based on a collection of cases, constituted by similar sequential and action environments to those that characterize the ambiguous case, can be employed to strengthen the analysis of the ambiguous case. The analysis thereby demonstrates the powerful resources CA offers for addressing ambiguity with respect to social categories and the value of detailed examinations of interactional practices for documenting how participants manage and thereby reproduce the consequentiality of their position in a racialized social order.

Deciphering compositional processes in inner airless bodies of our Solar System

<p>Over the last decades, the exploration of our Solar System carried out by automatic probes allowed a huge leap in our understanding of the planets, their main satellites and minor bodies such as asteroids and comets. However, despite the large number of diverse datasets available nowadays, comparative studies of different bodies are still poorly addressed in several cases, in particular for airless bodies.</p><p>The primary goal of our two-year project, selected in the framework of the “ISSI/ISSI-BJ Joint Call for Proposals 2019 for International Teams in Space and Earth Sciences”, is to quantify similarities and differences in the surface mineralogy of Vesta, Mercury and the Moon, substantially enhancing the scientific return of individual instrumental datasets and/or individual space missions. Here, we give an overview of our project, we clarify what is the status after the first team meeting held in March 2020.</p><p>Our project focuses on two specific questions:</p><ol><li>Why do chemical changes induced by space weathering in the surface regolith appear to be different on Vesta, Mercury and the Moon, and what is the role and importance of mineralogy and composition? To address this question, irradiation experiments will be carried out on selected HED meteorite samples to directly simulate space weathering effects on Vesta.</li> <li>Olivine has been identified on the Moon, it was reported on Vesta, although with some uncertainties, and it was not found on Mercury. What are the implications for all of these three planetary bodies? We will specifically address the ambiguous case of Vesta: Is olivine really present only in a limited number of specific sites, or is it rather widespread with a relatively low volumetric abundance? An answer to this question requires a precise identification of olivine in the most up-to-date spectroscopic datasets, and understanding the relationship existing between olivine and other associated mineral phases.</li> </ol><p>Our overall approach is to apply various techniques of analysis on hyper- and multispectral data sets that are publicly available, such as those on acquired by the Dawn mission at Vesta, MESSENGER datasets obtained at Mercury and Chandrayaan-1 data for the Moon.</p><p>This work is supported by the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) and by INAF-IAPS.</p>

“The Job Is Yours!” Deconstructing the Gender Gap in Higher Education

The underrepresentation of female Administrators in higher education is not decreasing even though education continues to be a field dominated by women. The overall percentage of women leading colleges and universities in the United States remains disproportionately low at 26%. This ambiguous case study examines whether or not the Higher Education Administration continues to perpetuate gender inequalities through simplistic and, often times, unconscious hiring and mentoring practices scaffolding upon good intentions.

An Ambiguous Case of Abdominal Pain involving Renal Artery Thrombosis with Renal Infarction

Renal artery thrombosis is a sporadic serious clinical condition which potentially cause renal infarction. Diagnosis of renal infarction can be delayed or missed due to non specific clinical presentation and overlapping appearance of medical and surgical phenomena. Early diagnosis supported by biochemical and radiological findings while appropriate management potentially improve morbidity and mortality. Persistent abdominal or flank pain with raised LDH and proteinuria on background of thromboembolism risk factors supports the diagnosis. Despite the rarity of the disease rapid identification with prompt medical or endovascular intervention could prevent irreversible renal parenchymal damage.