Comparison between the U.S. and Another Country’s Law of Privacy: Taking China and Britain for Example

The right of privacy is a basic personal right, which refers to the right that the interests of individual personality are not infringed, private affairs unrelated to the public interest are not allowed to be released to the public, and private territory belonging to individuals is not illegally invaded. The protection of the right to privacy stems from a basic belief: everyone has the right not to be disturbed, and has the right to decide how to appear in front of the public, unless they have taken the initiative to put themselves in the public view, or their privacy involves the public interest[1].

Ancestors or Ghosts: the Cult of the Dead in a Bai Village in Southwest China

When it comes to ancestor worship> the basic belief is that the spirit of the dead would affect their living family. However> the cult of the dead in a Bai village in southwest China shows deconstruction and moral reflection of ancestors. From the perspective of social relationships? people separate their ancestors from other families' ancestors who arc also recognised as ghosts or uninvited guests. Besides?they divided their deceased relatives into ancestors and ghosts through cultural definition of a good death and bad death>thus they need a bridge rite to help the spirit of the dead in a bad death to be an ancestor. In regard to the netherworld, people wish their deceased relatives go to western heaven at the same time they regard them as suffering ghosts in hell because of their guilty during their lifetime. Moreover>the living family have an obligation to provide and help their dead release from suffering. By examining the attitudes and acts of distinguishing? transforming, and equating between ancestors and ghosts>this article further argues that the cult of the dead in Bai is not only an ethical act of obeisance but also an expression of ideal person hood and a belief in living family as the salvation of the dead.

An Empirical Study of Personality Values and Their Influence on Personalitys Virtual Image: Component of Basic Beliefs

The article provides a critical analysis of the literature on the researches of the sphere of personality values in the Internet space. Also, in the course of the study, it was determined that the sphere of personality values is a complex dynamic construct of the personality, which determines its inner world and outlines the vector of its activity. It was also revealed that the virtual personality of an Internet user is a complex formation that is formed during the transition of a real person to the socio-cultural space of the Internet, with subsequent integration into it and the internalization of the values and meanings of the virtual society. The virtual personality of an Internet user as a psychological phenomenon was analyzed; such properties of a virtual personality as virtuality (the degree of acceptance of virtual reality as a social environment), involvement (the level of information and computer technologies awareness and a sense of belonging to a virtual society) and orientation (the presence or absence of ideas about socially approved behavior in Internet society) are described. The article analyzes the results of an empirical study of the influence of the component of basic beliefs in the value-semantic sphere of a person on the properties of their virtual image. It was revealed that there is a correlation between the indicator of the basic belief in the benevolence of the world and the level of virtual personality (people with the belief in the benevolence of the world in the Internet space have developed motivation for creative activity), as well as a correlation between the indicator of the basic belief in the controllability of the world and the level of involvement of the virtual personality (people with a conviction of the controllability of the world in the Internet space tend to perceive themselves as a significant part of it).

To laugh or not to laugh? That is the question.

We usually think of comedy and tragedy as opposites, but perhaps we should consider them as two sides of the same coin. As Morreall (1999: 21) suggests,“[t]he most basic belief [which the comic and the tragic visions of life] share is that life is full of incongruities, discrepancies between the way things ought to be and the way they are. The difference between the two visions of life is more in their attitudes than in any beliefs about matters of fact.” They involve different and usually opposite ways of evaluating the same human condition. In other words, comedy and tragedy are built on incongruities assessed and framed to generate positive and negative emotions, respectively. Furthermore, comic/humorous and tragic/serious elements may co-occur in the same text, even if the text is primarily intended as funny. In such cases, texts become a blend of humorous utterances/parts and serious or even tragic ones – the latter constitute what Attardo (2001: 89) calls serious relief in humorous texts.

ETHNOPSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONAL DETERMINANTS OF YOUTH AUTHORITATIVENESS

В статье представлены результаты эмпирического исследования этнопсихологических и личностных детерминант авторитарности молодежи. Использованы следующие методики: «F-шкала» Т. Адорно, «Типы этнической идентичности» Г.У. Солдатовой, С.В. Рыжовой, «Индекс толерантности» Г.У. Солдатовой, «Акцентуации личности» К. Леонгарда (модификация Г. Шмишека), «Шкала базисных убеждений» Р. Янофф-Бульман (адаптация М.А. Падун и А.В. Котельниковой), «Ценностные портреты» Ш. Шварца. Согласно полученным данным, для молодежи характерен низкий уровень Авторитарности , Позитивной этнической идентичности и Этнической толерантности в сочетании с высоким уровнем дискриминационных форм межэтнических отношений ( Этнонигилизмом , Этнофанатизмом , Этноэгоизмом ) и выраженной Социальной толерантностью . Подтверждена гипотеза о том, что Этническая идентичность , Толерантность , Акцентуации характера , Ценностные ориентации и Базисные убеждения являются детерминантами Авторитарности . Наибольший вклад в эту личностную черту вносят показатели, характеризующие отношение личности к своей этнической группе - Позитивная этническая идентичность и Этнонигилизм . Второе место по совокупному влиянию занимает характеристика терпимого отношения к социальным меньшинствам. Примерно равный вклад в Авторитарность молодежи вносят характеристики ценностно-смысловой сферы личности - ценность Доброты и базисного убеждения в том, что миру можно доверять, а также акцентуация характера - Гипертимность . Наибольшее положительное влияние на Авторитарность оказывает Позитивная этническая идентичность , а наибольшее отрицательное - Социальная толерантность . The paper considers the results of an empirical study of the ethnopsychological and personal determinants of youth authoritativeness. The following methods were used: "F-scale" by T. Adorno, "Types of ethnic identity" by G. U. Soldatova, S. V. Ryzhova, "Tolerance Index" by G.U. Soldatova, "Accentuations of personality" by K. Leonhard (modification by G. Shmishek), "Scale of basic beliefs" by Yanoff Bulman in the adaptation of M. A. Padun and A.V. Kotelnikova, “Value Portraits” by S. Schwartz. According to the obtained results, young people are characterized by low level of Authoritarianism. Positive ethnic identity and Ethnic tolerance, combined with a high level of discriminatory forms of interethnic relations (ethnonigilism, ethnophanatism) and expressed Social tolerance. The hypothesis that ethnic identity, tolerance, character accentuations, value orientation and basic beliefs are determinants of authoritarianism is confirmed. The greatest contribution into the authoritarianism of the individual is made by indicators, which characterize the attitude of the individual to the ethnic group - positive ethnic identity and Ethnonigilism. The second place in terms of overall influence occupies characteristic of tolerant attitude to social minorities. Approximately equal contribution to the Authoritarianism of youth is made by the characteristics of the value-semantic sphere of the individual - the value of Kindness and the basic belief that the world can be trusted, as well as the accentuation of character - Hyperthymia. Positive ethnic identity has the greatest positive influence on Authoritarianism, and Social tolerance has the greatest negative influence.

Vladimir Soloviev as a Religious Philosopher

Vladimir Soloviev’s thought is so rich and protean almost to defy description; this chapter examines specifically the religious-philosophical dimensions of his work. While Soloviev’s fundamental idea postulating a universal Christianity remained constant throughout his life, it is possible to delineate three phases of engagement with this idea. These were, first, his evolution from a classic nineteenth-century struggle of faith and reason to a statement of the universality of Christ as Godman (until 1882); second, an engagement with Christian politics and the Universal Church (1882–1894); and finally, the formulation of a moral philosophy, part of whose pathos was a vehement opposition to Nietzsche (1894–1900). Soloviev’s unwavering commitment to Christianity’s most basic belief in Christ, combined with deep immersion in German philosophy, enabled him to articulate a universal Christianity that was distinctly modern.