British menopause society tools for clinicians: Progestogens and endometrial protection

Progestogen administration is required to oppose naturally produced or administered estrogens to provide endometrial protection. Within HRT regimens, this should be delivered for at least the same duration as that produced during the luteal phase of the monthly cycle and in the recommended doses to protect against the risk of endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer. This includes progestogens administered for 12–14 days a month in sequential regimens and continuous daily intake in continuous combined HRT regimens. Shorter durations and lower doses of progestogen intake are likely to be associated with an increased risk of breakthrough bleeding, endometrial hyperplasia, and endometrial cancer.

Pembenihan Ikan Patin Siam (Pangasius hypophthalamus) Menggunakan Induksi Hormon HCG (Human Chrorionic Gonadotropin) Dan Ovaprim Di Dinas Kelautan Dan Perikanan Subang, Jawa Barat

Pangasius sp. is a mainstay commodity in Indonesia. Economically Pangasius sp., is promising to be developed as an export commodity. Hatcheries of Pangasius sp. are carried out at the Marine and Fisheries Service Branch Subang. Data analysis in this research used quantitative descriptive analysis and qualitative descriptive analysis. The results of the research that Pangasius sp. can issue 323.500 eggs per broodstock with the egg weight released by each broodstock was 300 gr. The productivity of Pangasius sp. eggs can reach 5.176.000 eggs with Hatching Rate 99.6 %. The survival rate was 85 %. Analysis of the Pangasius sp. hatchery business after analyzing the R/C ratio resulted in a value of 2.9 where this business could provide a large income in a monthly cycle.

Factors to Consider in Midwifery Care during Climacteric and Monopause Period

This study discusses the management of climacteric obstetrics and menopause. Menopause is the final feminine cycle or when the final monthly cycle happens, one of the mental viewpoints of changing self-concept amid menopause is unquestionably menopausal ladies ended up on edge around their bodies and frame self-concept approximately how their bodies are. The side effects experienced by ladies some time recently menopause cause the mother to be ill-equipped approximately physical and mental changes. To decrease this, ladies must get ready themselves both physically and mentally for menopause. Ladies who are going through menopause go through the primary stages counting premenopause, perimenopause, menopause, and postmenopause, and menopause for the most part happens in ladies matured 45-50 a long time.

Handling Missing Entries in Monitoring a Woman’s Monthly Cycle and Controlling Fertility

Even a small percentage of missing data can cause serious problems with analysis, reducing the statistical power of a study and leading to wrong conclusions being drawn. In the case of monitoring a woman’s monthly cycle, missing entries can appear even in a woman experienced in fertility awareness methods. Due to the fact that in a system of controlling a woman’s fertility, it is the most important to predict the day of ovulation and, ultimately, to determine the fertile window as much precisely as possible, much attention should be paid to the quality of the used data. This paper presents the results of handling missing observations as far as predicting the time during the cycle when a woman can become pregnant is concerned. Data taken from a multinational European study of daily fecundability was used to learn the quantitative part of the variety of a higher-order dynamic Bayesian network modeling a woman’s monthly cycle. The main goal of this paper is to examine whether omitting observations has an influence on the model’s reliability. The accuracy of comparison was examined based on two measures: the average percentage length of the infertile time during the monthly cycle and average percentage of days inside the fertile window classified as infertile.

Elevated Levels of Estrogen Suppress Hepcidin Synthesis and Enhance Serum Iron Availability in Premenopausal Women

Clinical and experimental observations have long suggested that elevated levels of estrogen associate with increased serum iron availability. Additionally, recent work has shown that estrogen can downregulate hepcidin synthesis in vitro. This study aims at assessing whether the ability of estrogen to downregulate hepcidin synthesis translates into changes in serum iron status. Hepcidin synthesis was evaluated in MCF-7, Hep-G2 and SKOV-3 cells treated with increasing concentrations of estrogen and cultured for up to 24 h post treatment. The correlation between levels of serum estrogen, hepcidin and iron was assessed using serum samples collected from 153 premenopausal women at random and samples collected from 6 women at days 1, 5, 10, 16, 21 and 28 of the monthly cycle. Estrogen-treated MCF-7 cells showed a significant reduction in hepcidin synthesis, especially at 20 nM/24 h E2 treatment. Hepcidin synthesis was also significantly reduced in Hep-G2 and SKOV-3 cells at 20 nM/24 h E2 treatment. In serum samples collected at random, estrogen (P=0.022; R=−0.213) and iron (P=0.028; R=−0.316) correlated negatively with hepcidin and positively with each other (P=0.033; R=0.319). An overall similar pattern was also observed in monthly cycle-timed samples. These findings suggest that elevated levels of estrogen reduce hepcidin synthesis as means of enhancing serum iron content in menstruating women.