Ethics of Observation in the Polar Regions

Whilst satellite observations over the Polar Regions yield vastly beneficial scientific knowledge, ethical questions complicate their use in the context of the Polar Regions, in particular, questions about military or strategic advantage vis-a-vis human security concerns. The Antarctic Treaty System is committed to use of its space for peaceful purposes which, in the fulfilment of high-level science, seems plausible. Yet where military endeavour is coupled with such scientific endeavour, or where global security concerns seek an entree to the knowledge acquired by such observation, the question of whether either Pole can remain free from human non-peaceful purpose is bedevilling.

The Development of Space Law: Applying the Principles of Space Law and Interpreting ‘Peaceful Purposes’ in the Outer Space Treaty 1967

This study analyzes the relevance of the proportionality, non-intervention, and unnecessary suffering principle's in the outer space perspective; and analyzes the 'peaceful purposes' at Outer Space Treaty 1967. This legal research uses primary and secondary legal materials to obtain an appropriate analysis of legal issues. This research states that the principles of international law must be applied in space activities by outer space actors. Furthermore, the ambiguity of the phrase 'peaceful purpose' in the Outer Space Treaty gives rise to different interpretations by each state. For this reason, a convention on outer space is needed to affirm the orientation of 'peace' in space activities. In the title, you focus on peaceful purposes meaning, but in this abstract, you extend it to the broader focus.

Evolution of Pakistans Nuclear Weapon Programme

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the development of Pakistan's nuclear progarmme before and after 1998. Pakistan started its nuclear programme solely for peaceful purpose, and it had no intention to develop nuclear weapons. However, India's objective to acquire nuclear weapons compelled Pakistan to make its own weapon to deter India. After the 1971 war and India's so-called Peaceful Nuclear Explosion (P.N.E.) in 1974, there was no option left for Pakistan but to build its bomb to deter Indian aggression. This paper comprehensively discusses the evolution of Pakistan's nuclear programme, the role of civil-military leadership and furthermore, the development of the command and control system. This paper further elaborates the development of missile technology and the nuclear policy of the country

DUKUNGAN TIONGKOK TERHADAP PENGEMBANGAN NUKLIR DI IRAN PADA MASA PEMERINTAHAN HU JINTAO

This study aims to determine how the Chinese support towards nuclear development in Iran during the leadership of President Hu Jintao. Researchers conducting research ranging from how the relationship between China and Iran in general to the Chinese attitude forms specifically on nuclear development in Iran. Researchers using qualitative research methods with methods of descriptive analysis. Data obtained through the study of literature that researchers get while doing research into Indonesian Institute of Sciences and the embassy of China and Iran at Indonesia. The results of this study, explained that China pledged its full support for Iran's nuclear development for peaceful purpose and there is no indication to make weapons of mass destruction. In accordance with the policy of Hu Jintao in which Iran is a signatory to the non-proliferation treaty that has the right to develop peaceful nuclear aims, and if Iran violated the law on the nuclear issue, it must be done with diplomacy without having to give sanctions and pressure on Iran. The conclusion that can be drawn that China and Iran have a mutual dependency in order to meet the national interests of the country, so that the two countries support each other.