Is AI in Your Future?

AI was first coined by John McCarthy in 1956. Vannevar Bush penned an article, “As We Make Think,” that was first published in The Atlantic, and five years later, Alan Turning wrote a paper on the notion of machines being able to simulate human beings. AI had a number of significant contributors, which this chapter chronicles along with the definitions and their achievements. This chapter will provide an introduction, history, and overview of AI. It will also provide examples of the four waves of AI and the current applications and future applications of AI.

Amazon Blockchain Enabling Commercial and Governmental Applications

The COVID-19 pandemic created significant problems for everyone and every business, but a few enterprises thrived, and Amazon was at the top of the list. Through their AWS (Amazon Web Services), Amazon controls many companies' information flow and data of all sizes. But what the general public does not know is that Amazon has been working on several blockchain and AI initiatives for over a decade. This chapter will provide a detailed narrative about Amazon's activity, patents, databases, and services that will leverage blockchain technology. The many patents filed by Amazon will greatly benefit Amazon both now and in the future.

DJournal

The paper reviewing process evaluates the potentiality, quality, novelty, and reliability of an article prior to any scholarly publication. However, a number of recent publications are pointing towards the occurrence of the biasness and mistreatments during the progression of the reviewing process. Therefore, the scientific community is involved to standardize the reviewing protocols by introducing blind and electronic submission, selecting eligible reviewers, and supporting an appropriate checklist to the reviewers. The amplification of reviewing with decentralization and automation can solve the mentioned problems by limiting the possibility of human interaction. This chapter proposes and implements a decentralized and anonymous paper reviewing system (DJournal) using blockchain technology. DJournal eliminates all the trust issues related to the reviewing process but improves reliability, transparency, and streamlining capabilities with up-gradation of the machine learning-based reviewer selection approach.

A Brief History of Blockchain

This chapter reviews the history of blockchain from its ideation in the early 1990s to the widespread development efforts of private enterprise and governments two decades into the 21st century. The chapter covers the early developments in securing the digital record; the origins of the immutable, decentralized ledger; and trustless digital transactions. The key people in blockchain's development are addressed including the pseudonymous Satoshi Nakamoto, developer of the first cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, which became for a while synonymous with blockchain. The successes and failures of blockchain are covered in this history as well as its status and the problems that need to be solved for blockchain to have a global economic and cultural impact.

Blockchain and Scholarly Publishing Industry

Blockchain has broad application in academic publishing and addresses necessary benefits in cost containment, improved workflow, and business management. In particular, blockchain facilitates greater control over copyrighted content and royalty administration, citations, and billing and collection. Blockchain is a user-friendly technology that can improve profitability and cash flow while reducing administrative errors. Blockchain technology has become ubiquitous within various market segments but slow to be adopted within academic publishing environments, but with the pressure on revenue growth and cost containment, blockchain represents a new tool in the arsenal of workflow products to create more accurate reporting. In particular, royalty accounting has been an area of varying reliability and uncertainly, relying on many data sources and data aggregation generally confusing to authors, researchers, and writers. Blockchain takes the guesswork out of this process by documenting digital content access and usage through artificial intelligence engines and machine learning tools.

Scholarly Publishing's IC in the Age of AI and Blockchain

In this chapter, the authors explore the potential for actors across the scholarly publishing industry to increase revenues while decreasing costs by using AI and blockchain to capture and leverage many of the intangible assets continually being generated across the industry. Where these assets bring more value than cost, they are referred to as intellectual capital. Areopa's 4-Leaf Model is used to examine how organisations serving the scholarly publishing industry can gain increased future economic benefit from identifying their intellectual capital and then capturing, storing, and making it re-usable.

Business Model Developments

Academic publishing is a 'need to have' process that is very important in the academic world. This chapter focuses on the business models that were/are/might be used to finance the processes and the innovation in scholarly communication. What sparked the serials crisis? Is Open Access publishing feasible? Why are there predatory publishers? Can scientometrics and altmetrics be made into saleable products? These types of questions are answered in this chapter, where the focus lies on the financial feasibility of the main processes that occur in academic publishing.

Internet of Things and Its Impact on Financial Services

The internet of things (IoT) is proving to be a seminal development amongst this century's most productive and pervasive high-tech revolutions. Increased reliance on the internet of things (IoT) is one of the foremost trends, and the financial services industry is a major contributor to that trend. IoT's influence on our daily lives is noteworthy, and it has become imperative for financial services organizations to evolve to adapt to these changes. Digital devices have started to interconnect with each other and possibly with other peripheral entities. Owing to the explosion of these devices and digitization in the banking and financial services industry, businesses are discovering the possibility of IoT in finance to control data and to minimize the risk. This chapter focuses on the impact of internet of things on financial services. It discusses the various applications, trends, challenges, and risks associated with adoption of IoT by financial services institutions. This chapter also discusses Indian and global cases of application of internet of things by financial services institutions.

Blockchain and the Research Libraries

This chapter will examine the theoretical uses of blockchain technologies in research libraries. Technology has enhanced the services and operations of research libraries since the early implementation of computerized cataloging systems. Blockchain technology provides research libraries with the opportunity to decentralize services, while also maintaining and strengthening digital rights management. Research libraries will be able locate services that can be decentralized to provide patrons with a more effective and efficient service. The blockchain technology has the potential to expand library collections through distributed verifiable sovereign identity, which would allow patrons to securely access information from multiple libraries while maintaining their privacy. Libraries will be able to evaluate services and programs to determine best uses for blockchain technology.

Blockchain and Scholarly Publishing Industry

This chapter will explore how blockchain and AI technology will address the current problems in the current publishing workflow including the author manuscript submission systems, peer review process, editing, production process, and dissemination process. Further, after the article has published, blockchain and AI technologies will allow all of the stakeholders in the value chain to benefit from a more efficient and effective upstream and downstream publishing process. This chapter will explore rights and royalties, anti-piracy and ebooks, and how blockchain and AI will create new research and business opportunities.