Fully prime double-framed soft ordered semigroups

It is well known that semigroups are basic structures in many applied branches like automata and formal languages, coding theory, finite state machines and others. Due to these possibilities of applications, semigroups and related structures are presently extensively investigated in soft theoretic (and in fuzzy theoretic) settings. The aim of this paper, is to introduce the concepts of double-framed soft ideals (briefly, DFS ideals) over an initial universe set U. The basic characterizations of this notion are studied. Different classes of ordered semigroups are characterized by using the notions of DFS l- and r-ideals over U. The notions of prime, and irreducible double-framed soft ideals (briefly, prime and irreducible DFS ideals) over U, are investigated and the related properties are highlighted. The class of those ordered semigroups for which each DFS ideal over U is prime are studied and the relationship between prime and irreducible DFS ideals are discussed.

Modify Manhattan Distance for Image Similarity

A New measure is proposed for assessing the similarity among gray-scale images. The well-known Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) has been designed using a statistical approach that fails under significant noise (lowPSNR). The proposed measure, denoted by Manhattan distance and STD, uses a combination of two parts: the first part is the Geometric method, while the second part is based on the statistical feature. The concept of manhattan distance is used in the geometric part. The new measure shows the advantages of statistical approaches and geometric approaches. The proposed similarity method is an outcome for the human face. The novel measure outperforms the classical SSIM in detecting image similarity at low PSNR, with a significant difference in performance. AMS subject classification:

Investigating Lecturers Perception of Barriers to Effective Utilization of Information and Communication Technology In Colleges of Education in North Eastern Nigeria

this research proposal, have outlined the need for research and development initiative in the area of Utilization of Information and Communication Technology in Education. This need is consistent with growing concern by all stakeholders in education that the condition of ICT in teaching and learning is internationally unacceptable. However, despite concerted efforts by the FGN/MDGs and other non-governmental organizations through re-training and training the trainers of ICT and its uses by teachers in education, we have not seen significant improvement in the area of Information and Communication Technology teaching and learning, by our teachers in Colleges of Education. This lack of noticeable improvement might be due to the lack of clear understanding of the current status of our teacher's knowledge and Technological Pedagogical knowledge content on one hand, and the lack of access and technical support by our institutions on the other hand before designing such interventions. Therefore, the aim of this research project is to collect and analyze baseline data that would guide us and others in the subsequent design of interventions for improving the role-playing ground of lecturers on the use of ICT facilities in the teaching process in Colleges of Education of the North Eastern States. In this research proposal, we have outlined the need for research and development initiative in the area of Utilization of Information and Communication Technology in Education. This need is consistent with growing concern by all stakeholders in education that the condition of ICT in teaching and learning is internationally unacceptable. However, despite concerted efforts by the FGN/MDGs and other non-governmental organizations through re-training and training the trainers of ICT and its uses by teachers in education, we have not seen significant improvement in the area of Information and Communication Technology teaching and learning, by our teachers in Colleges of Education.

Comparative Analysis Between Nigeria and Malaysia Education Policies and Employability Skills in Tvet Curriculum

Nigeria and Malaysia have almost similar historical background; both had sultan as spiritual and government leader in their major areas, colonized by British and got independence in 1960 and 1957 respectively. Presently, Malaysia has recorded human development increments from 1980 to date and aspire to be a developed country in 2020. While Nigeria has recorded poverty increments from 1980 to date and it may likely be among underdeveloped countries in 2020. The purpose of this study was to make judgments about Technical and Vocational Education and training (TVET) systems of Malaysia and Nigeria. The idea was to see what makes Malaysian system successful and how Nigeria addressed its TVET problems. The methodology employed in this paper was analytical method of study that involved evaluation based on critical reading and review of materials which include Nigeria and Malaysia education philosophies, policies, TVET curriculums, employability skills, Malaysian Human Development Index and Nigeria’s Poverty Incidence. Findings revealed that education philosophy and education policy of Malaysia is intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically balanced based on firm belief and devotion to God while Nigerian education philosophy and policy are limited to intellectual and physical development. Malaysia TVET curriculum is equipped with employability skills including core skills, generic skills and personal attributes which are likely contributed to Malaysian human development and full employment of TVET graduates. Malaysia has recorded increments in human and economic developments from 1980 to date while Nigeria TVET curriculum has not been integrated with employability skills which are likely contributed to Nigeria’s poverty incidence and high Nigerian unemployment rate across all educational levels including TVET graduates at both secondary and tertiary levels. Nigeria has recorded steady increase of poverty incidence from 1980 to date.

A Derivative-Free Decent Method Via Acceleration Parameter for Solving Systems of Nonlinear Equations

An algorithm for solving large-scale systems of nonlinear equations based on the transformation of the Newton method with the line search into a derivative-free descent method is introduced. Main idea used in the algorithm construction is to approximate the Jacobian by an appropriate diagonal matrix. Furthermore, the step length is calculated using inexact line search procedure. Under appropriate conditions, the proposed method is proved to be globally convergent under mild conditions. The numerical results presented show the efficiency of the proposed method.

An Alternative Modified Conjugate Gradient Coefficient for Solving Nonlinear System of Equations

In mathematical term, the method of solving models and finding the best alternatives is known as optimization. Conjugate gradient (CG) method is an evolution of computational method in solving optimization problems. In this article, an alternative modified conjugate gradient coefficient for solving large-scale nonlinear system of equations is presented. The method is an improved version of the Rivaie et el conjugate gradient method for unconstrained optimization problems. The new CG is tested on a set of test functions under exact line search. The approach is easy to implement due to its derivative-free nature and has been proven to be effective in solving real-life application. Under some mild assumptions, the global convergence of the proposed method is established. The new CG coefficient also retains the sufficient descent condition. The performance of the new method is compared to the well-known previous PRP CG methods based on number of iterations and CPU time. Numerical results using some benchmark problems show that the proposed method is promising and has the best efficiency amongst all the methods tested.

A Conceptual Review of the Role of Teaching and Learning of Second Language Through Literature and Communicative Approach

The paper reviews the role of teaching second language (SL) by using Communicative Approach. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the importance of using literature and Communicative Approach for teaching and learning SL. The review of previous literature indicates that teachers normally prefer to teach L2 through Grammar Translation Method (GTM), which requires little efforts and few resources to teach [1]. Many studies have found that GTM is not an effective method of teaching SL. In order to critically understand at a deeper level the role of literature and Communicative Approach in teaching SL, this paper explores thoroughly the existing literature and analyzes various works done on the importance of using Literature and Communicative Approach to teach SL. The current study found that teaching of SL through literature and Communicative Approach is more effective than through GTM. It is, therefore, recommended on the basis of this paper that teachers of L2 should adopt Communicative Approach and literature for teaching second language.