Socioeconomic Status of Nepalese Employed Women in institutional Sector: A Sociological Study of Dharan Sub-Metropolitan City

Gender role has been changing in Nepali society. Traditional rigid patriarchal system has been changing gradually. Particularly urban society has realized such change. Women have marched towards the breadwinning job which was assumed to be the job of male member in traditional society. This research article is dedicated to the understanding of the condition of dual role of working women and increasing socioeconomic status of urban society. This article is based on the primary data. Online questionnaire has been used as the main tool for data collection. Obtained data were analyzed by using the SPSS program. Result of this study shows that there is the situation of double burden of household chores and income generating work of outer periphery. They are facing different physical, mental, social difficulties in both sectors’ work. However, their socioeconomic status has been changing positively in society along with the changing gender role in the urban society.

भूपि शेरचनको हामी कवितामा संसक्ति व्यवस्था

प्रस्तुत अध्ययनमा कवि भूपि शेरचनद्वारा लिखित ‘हामी’ कविताको संसक्ति व्यवस्थाको अध्ययन गरिएको छ । यस अध्ययनको पूर्णताका लागि सङ्कथन अध्ययनभित्र संसक्ति व्यवस्थालाई सैद्धान्तिक पर्याधारका रूपमा प्रयोग गरिएको छ । मूल समस्या र शोध्यप्रश्नको समाधान गर्न लागि गुणात्मक अनुसन्धान र पाठ विश्लेषण विधिको प्रयोग गरिएको प्रस्तुत अध्ययनमा हामी नेपालीको समकालीन पराधीन सोच र अभिवृत्तिलाई प्रस्तुत गर्ने क्रममा आएका विभिन्न सन्दर्भको संयोजनबाट सुसम्बद्ध पाठसम्बद्ध पक्षको विवेचना गरिएको छ । संसक्ति सङ्कथन अध्ययन अन्तर्गतको पाठविश्लेषण गर्ने प्रतिमान हो भने यसका व्याकरणिक र कोशीय भेद रहेका छन् । संसक्तिले भाषालाई केन्द्रविन्दुमा राखी पाठमा अवशिष्ट परिवेश, सन्दर्भहरूको अन्वयबाट पाठगत सुसम्बद्धताको खोजी गर्दछ । यस अध्ययनमा व्याकरणिक र कोशीय प्रतिमानका आधारमा कविताको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । समकालीन परिवेशभित्र नेपाली मानसिकतामा स्थापित रहेको पराधीन सोच र अकर्मण्य अभिवृत्तिद्योतक मूलसन्दर्भसँग सम्बन्धित विभिन्न सहायक सन्दर्भको सृजना गरी संसक्ति सम्बद्धता सृजना भएको तथ्यलाई कवितामा प्रयोग भएका व्याकरणिक र कोशीय संसक्तिका रूपमा प्रयोग भएका एकाइले पाठका सन्दर्भ शृङ्खलालाई एकान्वित तुल्याई संरचनागत सुसम्बद्धता सृजना गरी सङ्गठित पाठको निर्माण गरेका छन् भने सङ्कथनभित्र आएका विविध आर्थीसंरचना भएका शब्दशृङ्खलाले कविताका भाव, अर्थ, परिवेश र सन्दर्भलाई एकत्वपूर्ण प्रवाहमा जोडी सुगठित पाठ निर्माण गरेको निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ ।

Quest for Female's Identity in Tiwari's Prashnaharuko Kārkhānā

Sarita Tiwari (2015) in her collection of poems, Prashnaharuko Kārkhānā [Factory of Questions] protests the tradition of wearing ornaments and cosmetics by women. Likewise, she rejects the use of submissive symbols and metaphors that have been used by the creative writers to define women. She identifies them as ploys that patriarchy has invented to maintain the subordination and subjugation of women to men. She argues that these techniques mystify and blur women's identity, so she questions and challenges them. Thus, this article analyzes five poems from the anthology to examine how the poet protests the traditional norms and values of patriarchy that define women as secondary to men and search for female's identity through them. To examine the quest for female's identity in her poetry, this article takes theoretical support from feminist critics like Mary Daly, Kate Millet, Naomi Wolf and others. These critics believe that patriarchy uses different types of myths to maintain women's secondary position in the society. The article concludes that in the quest for female's identity independent of men, Tiwari protests the tradition and culture that emphasize women's beauty and their submissive roles in the society. Through their interrogating tone and syntax, the selected poems challenge patriarchal norms which have been imposed upon women to erase their identity. The study helps to understand how patriarchy manipulates the myths of religion and beauty to maintain males’ supremacy over females.

आमाको गीत : २ कवितामा बिम्बविधान

यो अध्ययन कवि हेमन यात्रीको पहाड मसितै यात्रा गर्छ कविता सङ्ग्रहमा सङ्कलित आमाको गीत ः २ कवितामा प्रयुक्त बिम्बहरूको विश्लेषणमा केन्द्रित छ । कवि हेमन आप्mना कविताहरूमा विभिन्न विषय क्षेत्रका बिम्बहरू प्रयोग गर्न रुचाउँछन् । उनी बिम्बात्मक अभिव्यक्तिमार्पmत् आप्mना कवितालाई सुन्दर र काव्यिक बनाउँछन् । पहाड मसितै यात्रा गर्छ कविता सङ्ग्रहमा सङ्कलित आमाको गीत ः २ कवितामा पनि उनले विभिन्न प्रकारका बिम्बहरूको प्रयोग गरेका छन् । ती बिम्बहरू जीवन र जगत्का विविध विषय क्षेत्रहरूसँग सम्बन्धित छन् । समीक्ष्य कवितामा कस्तो बिम्ब–योजना छ र यसमा के कस्ता बिम्बहरूको प्रयोग गरिएको छ भन्ने विषयलाई यस अध्ययनमा विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । विम्बहरूको प्रयोगले कविताको भावलाई कसरी प्रभावकारी र बोधगम्य बनाएको छ भन्ने विश्लेषण पनि यहाँ गरिएको छ । यो बिम्बप्रधान कविता हो र कवि हेमनले प्रस्तुत कवितामा युद्धमा छोरा गुमाएकी आमाको कारुणिक अवस्थालाई बिम्बबहुल अभिव्यक्तिका माध्यमबाट सुन्दर ढङ्गले चित्रण गरेका छन् । नेपाली ग्रामीण पहाडी जीवनको सग्लो चित्र कोर्ने क्रममा कविले यस कवितामा पहाडी प्रकृति र दिनचर्यालाई बिम्बात्मक रूप दिएका छन् । विम्बहरूको सुन्दर र आकर्षक प्रयुक्तिले कवितालाई हृदयसंवेद्य र बोधगम्य बनाएको छ । सामग्री सङ्कलनका क्रममा पहाड मसितै यात्रा गर्छ कविता सङ्ग्रहमा सङ्कलित आमाको गीत ः २ कवितालाई प्राथमिक स्रोतका रूपमा तथा कविता र बिम्बहरूबारे लेखिएका समीक्षा–समालोचनालाई द्वितीय स्रोतका रूपमा लिएर व्याख्यात्मक, वर्णनात्मक र विश्लेषणात्मक विधिबाट निष्कर्षमा पुगिएको छ ।

विश्वामित्र–मेनका खण्डकाव्यमा नारीवाद

प्रस्तुत अध्ययनमा खण्डकाव्यकार घनश्याम कँडेलको पौराणिक विषयवस्ुतमा आधारित विश्वामित्र–मेनका खण्डकाव्यलाई नारीवादी चेतनाका आधारमा विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । नारीवाद राजनैतिक समतामूलक विचार बोकेको साहित्यिक आन्दोलन हो । यो लैङ्गिक विभेदका दृष्टिले हेर्दा जातीय मानिने विश्वका आधाभन्दा बढी नारीहरूको साहित्यिक स्वतन्त्रताको शङ्खघोष गर्ने र परम्परालाई नारीका पक्षमा नवीकरण गर्ने चिन्तन हो । कँडेलको वि.सं.२०६६ सालमा प्रकाशित भएको यस खण्डकाव्यमा केकस्ता नारीवादी चिन्तनहरू रहेका छन् भन्ने कुराको विश्लेषण यस लेखमा गरिएको छ । पितृसत्तात्मक समाजमा नारीहरूले भोग्नुपरेका नारकीय कष्टहरू केकस्ता थिए, नारीहरूले आफ्नो स्वतन्त्र अस्तित्व स्थापनाका लागि केकस्ता प्रयत्नहरू गरेका थिए, खण्डकाव्यमा नारीहरूको अवस्था केकस्तो कारुणिक थियो र उनीहरूले नारीमुक्तिका लागि केकस्ता अभियानहरू सञ्चालन गरेका थिए भन्ने कुराको विश्लेषण यस लेखमा गरिएको छ । प्रस्तुत लेख तयारीका क्रममा प्राथमिक सामग्रीका रूपमा खण्डकाव्यकार घनश्याम कँडेलको विश्वामित्र–मेनका खण्डकाव्यलाई लिइएको छ भने द्वितीयक सामग्रीका रूपमा नारीवादी साहित्यसिद्धान्त तथा विश्वामित्र–मेनका खण्डकाव्यका सन्दर्भमा प्रकाश पारी लेखिएका पुस्तक, पत्रपत्रिका, भूमिकाजस्ता पुस्तकालयीय सामग्रीहरूको उपयोग गरिएको छ । सामग्री विश्लेषणका क्रममा निगमनात्मक विधिअनुसार स्थापित सिद्धान्तका आधारमा वर्णनात्मक र व्याख्यात्मकविधिको प्रयोग गरी अन्त्यमा अर्थापनविधिद्वारा लेखलाई पूर्णता दिइएको छ । यस खण्डकाव्यमा प्रयुक्त पात्रहरूमा देखापरेका नारीवादी अभिलक्षणका आधारमा विश्वामित्र–मेनका नारीवादी चेतनाले भरिएको खण्डकाव्य हो भन्ने निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ ।

Correlates of Job Satisfaction of Community School's Teachers of Phidim Municipality, Nepal

Teachers' satisfaction is a significant concern of the overall education system of a country. This study examines the factors influencing job satisfaction of community school teachers' of Phidim Municipality. More specifically, this paper aims to investigate whether the sex of the teacher, income, nature of the job, age, birthplace, religion and educational status affect teachers' job satisfaction or not. This study is a cross sectional survey where sample size is determined by using Slovin's formula and the data were drawn from a self-administered questionnaire from randomly selected community school teachers. The percentages, Chi-Square test, and binomial logistic regression model were used for univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis using SPSS. The yearly income, age of teachers, and nature of job were found significantly associated with teachers' satisfaction under bivariate analysis whereas the binomial logistic regression justified the association of teachers' satisfaction to income of teachers and nature of their job only. The association of teacher's satisfaction to the sex of respondent, religion, educational status, and birthplace were found not significant using both bivariate and multivariate analysis. It is the conclusion that the permanency of job and reasonable salary must be managed mainly to make teacher's satisfied. In the present Nepalese context, the adjustment of teacher's salary as per the changing cost of living figure is necessary for teacher's job satisfaction. Likewise, the formulation of the teacher service commission as constitutional body, and regular operation of examination for teacher's permanent recruitment can enhance teacher's job satisfaction.

Chief Editor's Voice

The RMC of the campus feels much pleasure to publish the annual multi-disciplinary peer reviewed research journal DRISTIKON as vol. 11(1). The journal and the articles published in it are clear evidence and fulfill the requirements laid down by UGC, Nepal, Tribhuvan University Service Commission, APA 7th ed. and other platforms. The journal is designed to serve as an outlet for an intellectual forum for the communication of intellectual ideas among professionals and other social scientists in relevant areas in general and with special reference to Nepal. The board welcomes all the professionals, researchers and all those interested to publish their research findings with significant contribution to society, education sector and international platform. Authors are also encouraged to submit papers which are related to current international, national or local issues. Almost all the scholarly and research articles published in the journal undergo the editorial peer review process prior to publication to fulfill the requirements of peer review process guided by UGC, Nepal and international standard. The goal of the peer review process is to ensure that the valid article is accepted, the messy article cleaned up, and the invalid article rejected. The board of editors has accepted the reviewer’s recommendations. All the articles submitted for publication are subjected to rigorous double blinded peer review to ensure its quality before it gets published. Manuscripts submitted to this journal must not have been published or accepted for publication or submitted for publication elsewhere. The journal strictly follows guidelines of APA 7th ed. as well as strongly opposes plagiarized contents without proper citation. Following the necessary corrections and additions resulting from the review process the twenty accepted papers were included into the issue covering the specific areas of Nepali, English, Political Science, Science and Management. The cooperation extended by scholars and institutions in publishing this journal is highly appreciated. The opinions expressed in the articles are the author’s own and do not reflect the view of either the publisher or the editorial board. All manuscripts once published becomes the property of the publisher. We hope that inspiration and encouragement from the readers will continue to keep the ‘Dristikon’ alive and develop. We are also looking forward to receiving your comments and suggestions for further improvement in the future. We are grateful to the peer reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions. The editorial board heartily thanks all the writers who have contributed research articles. We would also like to give special thanks to the campus chief Mr. Damodar Bhandari for his constant support in terms of finance and administration for the publication of this journal.

Empowering Women Through Mother Groups: A Case Study of Hanshposha Aama Samuha, Itahari- 20, Sunsari

Empowering of women has become the major aspect of growth of the financial system of a country. It is basically the manner of enhancement of social, economic, cultural and political standing of women, the conventionally disadvantaged, neglected ones, in the society. This study has been carried out in Itahari sub-metropolitan, Sunsari district. The central theme of this study is to assess the role of Aama Samuha for empowerment of women and social development. This study entertains both primary as well as secondary data. The primary data have been collected from the field through survey Questionnaire, semi-structure interview, and observation. The interview was focused mainly on empowerment of women through mothers group, problems faced by the members of MG, while working in the group, attitude of males toward mothers group and role of mothers group in social development. Mothers Group of Hanshposha has contributed much in social development like cleaning trails, making road, plantation on public area, financial support to local school, and construction of building for temples, financial support to helpless people and poor people and maintaining peace and harmony in the community.

अलिखित उपन्यासमा प्रयोगशील नवीनता

नेपाली साहित्यका विशिष्ट स्रष्टा र धरोहर उपन्यासकार ध्रुवचन्द्र गौतमको औपन्यासिक जगत्मा उल्लेखनीय योगदान र विशिष्ट पहिचान रहेको छ । उपन्यास साहित्यका क्षेत्रमा उनले गरेको योगदान अनुकरणीय मानिन्छ । उनका औपन्यासिक संरचनाले नेपाली साहित्यको भण्डारलाई वैभवशाली र सम्पन्नशाली बनाएको छ । नेपाली आधुनिक उपन्यासको विकासको यात्रामा प्रयोगवादी धाराको प्रतिनिधित्व गर्दै औपन्यासिक जगत्लाई उचाइमा पु¥याउन उनले गरेको योगदान अविस्मरणीय मानिन्छ । ‘अलिखित’ वि.सं. २०४० सालमा प्रकाशित भई मदन पुरस्कार प्राप्त गरेको आञ्चलिकतालाई मुख्यरूपमा आफ्नो दस्तावेज बनाएको विशिष्ट प्रयोगधर्मी उपन्यास हो । यसमा तराईको भूभाग वीरगञ्जको नजिकमा रहेको बिरहिनपुर बरेवा गाउँको जनजीवनको वास्तविक झाँकी प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । सरकारको दृष्टि नपरेको गाउँको सांस्कृतिक उत्खननको विषय उपन्यासको मुख्य प्रतिपाद्य आधार बनेको छ । विचित्रको गाउँको विचित्र क्रियाकलापको चित्रण यसको महत्त्वपूर्ण पक्ष हो । ग्रामीण जनजीवनका गरिबी, अशिक्षा, पछौटेपन, सामन्ती संस्कार यसका मुख्य प्रतिपाद्य विषय हुन् । बरेवाको जनजीवनको यथार्थ प्रस्तुति नै यसको मुख्य दस्तावेज हो । परम्परागत उपन्यास रचनाको शिल्प सौन्दर्यबाट पूर्ण रूपमा मुक्त भई स्वतन्त्र र नवीन प्रयोग यस उपन्यासको औपन्यासिक प्राप्ति, मान्यता र चिन्तन हो । उपन्यासमा अभिव्यक्त बिरहिनपुरको किंवदन्ती र दोरहन्तल पोखरीको किंवदन्तीले मिथकीय मान्यतालाई आत्मसात गरेको देखिन्छ । अस्वाभाविक, अयथार्थ स्वैरकल्पनालाई सबल र प्रभावकारी बनाएर प्रस्तुत गर्नु यसको उल्लेखनीय चिन्तन देखिन्छ । कथानक, पात्र र संरचनामा नयाँपनको खोजी यसमा सबल रूपमा गरिएको छ । बिरहिनपुर बरेवा गाउँको भौगोलिक, सांस्कृतिक, आर्थिक र भाषिक विशेषताको उजागर गर्दै त्यसको वास्तविकताको सूक्ष्म विश्लेषण नै यसको मुख्य सार हो ।

नेपालमा बैष्णव धर्मको प्रचार

प्रस्तुत अध्ययन नेपालमा वैष्णव धर्म प्रभावका कारक मुख्य समस्यामा केन्द्रित रहेको छ । गुणात्मक अनुसन्धान विधि र द्वितीयक स्रोतबाट सामग्री सङ्कलन गरी विश्लेषणात्मक विधिबाट निष्कर्ष निकालिएको यस अध्ययनमा नेपाली समाजमा वैष्णव धर्मको स्थापना र यसको विस्तारको कारण खोजिएको छ । आर्यवर्तका रूपमा परिचित नेपाल र भारतमा वैदिक कालदेखि प्रचलनमा रही वर्तमानसम्म विस्तारित र अस्तित्वमा रहेको वैष्णव धर्मको स्थापना र विस्तारमा नेपालका शासक र तिनको यस धर्मप्रतिका आस्था र विश्वास नै प्रमुख कारकका रूपमा रहेको निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ ।