Greek and Roman Slaving in Comparative Ancient Perspective

This chapter surveys the evidence for dependent labour in the Ancient Near East, particularly in the state or institutional sector of the economy, comparing the findings to pertinent institutions and structures known from the Graeco-Roman world. There is a focus on diachronic change within the Ancient Near East, where the role of dependent labour evolved significantly over time. The chapter highlights similarities as well as differences and points to some pathways for causation. The ‘traditional’ image (often associated with views expressed by Moses Finley) of the Ancient Near East as being characterized by a labour regime relying nearly exclusively on compelled dependent (but not slave) labour and thus being fundamentally different from ‘the’ Graeco-Roman world is nuanced considerably.

Socioeconomic Status of Nepalese Employed Women in institutional Sector: A Sociological Study of Dharan Sub-Metropolitan City

Gender role has been changing in Nepali society. Traditional rigid patriarchal system has been changing gradually. Particularly urban society has realized such change. Women have marched towards the breadwinning job which was assumed to be the job of male member in traditional society. This research article is dedicated to the understanding of the condition of dual role of working women and increasing socioeconomic status of urban society. This article is based on the primary data. Online questionnaire has been used as the main tool for data collection. Obtained data were analyzed by using the SPSS program. Result of this study shows that there is the situation of double burden of household chores and income generating work of outer periphery. They are facing different physical, mental, social difficulties in both sectors’ work. However, their socioeconomic status has been changing positively in society along with the changing gender role in the urban society.

Job Satisfaction Among Academicians in Nepal: The Influence of Institutional Sector and Demographic Factors

Considering the importance of job satisfaction in teaching, and the ongoing debate regarding the influence of various factors on job satisfaction, this study identifies the status of job satisfaction and examines the influence of institutional sector and demographic factors on job satisfaction among Nepalese academicians. The study sample comprised 156 academicians from different higher-level educational institutions in Nepal, and the data were collected through structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, independent-samples t-test, and one-way ANOVA test were used to analyze the data. Results showed that Nepalese academicians are moderately satisfied with their job, in which intrinsic factors appear stronger than extrinsic factors. The findings also demonstrated that the institutional sector, in favor of public institutions, and academic qualification influence job satisfaction but gender, age, and teaching experience do not influence job satisfaction of academicians. Widespread sampling framework, all-inclusive job satisfaction measures, and remarkable findings have made the study unique and potent.

Normal is not normative: Public relations indicators from a Spanish secondary political and economic region

The aim of this study is to analyze the state of communication in Galicia, as an example of a peripheral environment, and to determine to what extent it corresponds to the patterns indicated in different studies for the Spanish case and for the whole of Europe. A quantitative technique was used, consisting of the distribution of an online questionnaire, via e-mail, to three groups: communication officers from companies, communication managers from public institutions, and agencies offering communication and public relations services. Trends point to limited communication planning and to some impact of the economic crisis in terms of danger (budget cuts, especially in the case of agencies) and opportunity (increased need for measurements to justify investments). In addition, actions considered most needed within 5 years converge as a result of globalization: online communication and social media management are priority goals for diverse organizational profiles. However, the degree of awareness of strategic communication is higher in the institutional sector than in the corporate sector, since its use has been linked to the development of political communication management.

Exploring Tendencies in Migrants’ Legal Consciousness Research and Uncovering Factors for Socio-Legal Integration

The current state of scientific discourse on legal consciousness occurs within a range of topics of enquiry. In this scope of research, a trendline of publications emerged which employs a narrower focus on the aspects of migrants‘ legal consciousness. As there were no systematic research aspirations in this particular field, this research explores the current scientific discourse, addresses factors for sociolegal integration and uncovers further paths for scientific enquiry as well. The following investigation adopts a method of systematic literature review which covers the time frame of research of three decades - since 1990 and introduces the main tendencies in scientific research on migrants’ legal consciousness. It addresses their geographical spectrum and reasoning that lead to scientific research. The other task was set to highlight the main factors which were identified to be affecting migrant’s legal consciousness and socio-legal integration as equally. The results of the investigation revealed a relatively small, but growing body of literature exploring migrants’ legal consciousness with a considerably narrow geographical division of the research, concentrating mainly to one continent, and with a dominant focus to national (versus comparative) context. Therefore the current field of scientific literature on migrants’ legal consciousness could benefit from the dissemination of investigations in the varied cultural environments and legal systems, as well as launching comparative studies while addressing a varying legal status. This research indicates a range of factors which plays a role in shaping migrants‘ consciousness, though few of them come into frontline while referring different migrants’ legal status. These include, but are not limited to the list, covering legal framework and social norms or ideals of the host country, as well as the encounter with the institutional sector and cultural heritage.

Costa Rica

A technical assistance (TA) mission, conducted by CAPTAC-DR, took place during August 27 to September 7, in San Jose, Costa Rica, to assist the Central Bank of Costa Rica (CBCR) in compiling the non-financial and financial balance sheets. This TA mission was requested in the context of the rebasing project of the national accounts series to 2017, as follow-up of a previous mission conducted in March 2018. This mission covered two purposes: 1) provide guidance to the CBCR in developing statistical methods to estimate the capital stock for the non-financial private sector (NFPS), and 2) provide TA in compiling balance sheets, as part of the annual accounts by institutional sector (AAIS) of Costa Rica.

An attempt to identify technologically relevant papers based on their references

In this study, two indicators derived from references in papers were proposed to characterize the papers regarding technological relevance: (1) the number of reference papers that obtained citations from patents by the time of observation, i.e., the publication years of papers to be assessed (NR-PCP), and (2) the number of reference papers authored by the firms’ researchers (NR-FP). Next, the two indicators were applied to papers published in 2001 to assess their performance. The results obtained by the two indicators were evaluated by citations from patents until 2016 in various conditions: scientific field, institutional sector, and period of measurement. Results showed a robustness of both indicators in many conditions. NR-PCP showed better results in most cases than NR-FP, although its recall was inferior to NR-FP for papers in which all references were newer than 1996. Based on the result that NR-PCP was preferred as an indicator, the rationale of using reference papers cited in the patent by the period of observation (R-PCP) as an indicator was considered based on the papers’ potential distances from the border between science and technology, which was obtained from an extended version of the citation network originally proposed by Ahmadpoor and Jones (Science 357:583–587, 2017. 10.1126/science.aam9527). Finally, issues to be addressed were discussed.

The classification of public research organizations: Taxonomical explorations

This article addresses, conceptually and empirically, the classification of public research organizations (PROs) understood as non-university and non-enterprise research-focused organizations that are public by nature or in which the government has an influence. The construction of archetypes of research performing organizations has been a standard method of analysis, as reflected in the Frascati Manual that guides national statistical offices to delineate the perimeter of the institutional sector of PROs. However, this practice has often overlooked the emergence of new types because traditional approaches to classification tend to characterize previously defined mutually exclusive categories, rather than allow evidence to reveal categories ex-post. This gives rise to a number of concerns related to the scientific validity of the classification of entities in the organizational field of research. The present article discusses conceptual and methodological issues associated with different classificatory strategies. It also presents the empirical results of a taxonomical exploration that allows the identification of categories not determined ex-ante. Our empirical strategy consists in applying clustering techniques on a number of organizational dimensions, chosen based on theoretical grounds and proxied by variables determined by data availability. We implement it on a pilot dataset of 197 research-focused organizations from eight different European countries.

Civil Society Regimes and School Choice Reforms: Evidence from Sweden and Milwaukee

We examine the effects of school choice reforms implemented in the early 1990s in two different settings: Sweden and Milwaukee (WI, U.S.). We show how both the ideological and theoretical arguments for choice reform were similar in the two contexts, yet the consequences in terms of the organizational outcome and institutional sector configuration ended up strikingly dissimilar. While the new group of actors in the Swedish school system consisted primarily of large-scale for-profit schools, with only a minor share of the expansion being catered to by nonprofit actors, the Milwaukee school choice program became dominated by small-scale nonprofit schools operated by religious communities. We seek to explicate these differences by drawing on the welfare state literature and social origins theory, as well as from organizational and historical institutional theory. We argue that the resulting composition of providers is directly related to the deep-seated differences in the civil society regimes operating in the two contexts.

El Salvador

A Technical Assistance (TA) mission was conducted by the Regional Technical Assistance Center for Central America, Panama, and the Dominican Republic (CAPTAC-DR) from February 26–March 2, 2018, to assist the Central Reserve Bank of El Salvador (BCRES) with concluding the compilation of the Monthly Volume Indicator of Economic Activity (Índice Mensual de Volumen de la Actividad Económica – IMVAE)1 for dissemination and the development of annual institutional sector accounts (AISAs). The purpose of this mission was to follow up on the recommendations made by a previous mission that took place in September 2017: to compile the IMVAE with base year 2005, and to assess the data sources available for AISA compilation, using the data previously compiled for 2005 as background. The mission considered the BCRES decision to start regular compilation as of 2014.