Policies for Science, Technology, and Innovation

Although there is plenty of research in the science, technology, and innovation (STI) policy studies, the trend and process of government regulations in a transition economy is underexplored. Empirical data such as central government laws, regulations, and policies for STI are collected from 1978 to 2018. Qualitative analysis software is adopted to facilitate the documentary analysis process. After a temporal examination of the government policies, the authors unearthed four stages in the evolution of STI policy: recovery and reconstruction of science and technology, transformation and market-led science and technology development, adjustment and innovation of science and technology, and promotion of science and technology and development of independent innovation. They found that the policy system has gradually changed and improved in continuous exploration and practice. First, the focus of the national policies has changed from science and technology to innovation. Second, the regulations are closely relevant to the political economy environment and central objectives.

Picturing the Indian Automotive Sector's Slowdown

The Indian automotive industry has remained a significant driver of the manufacturing sector and contributed to the GDP around 7% in 2018, but it is confronting its biggest slump in last 19 years with a double digit downfall in revenues across all segments. Such slowdown has caused job cuts of around 0.2 million workers, particularly contractual labourers, and shut down of around 300 dealers' shops in the last few months. A number of cyclical and structural contributing factors for the slowdown have been identified. Measures for turnaround are suggested, highlighting a recently announced stimulus package for reviving the industry.

Developing the First Digital Bank of Africa

The following case study overviews the steps followed to develop the first Digital Bank in Africa. Following a case study method, the crucial decisions made over a 2-year period is analyzed. The challenges of each different phase are described, as well as the outcomes and the impact they had in the bank's digital transformation journey. The case study is accompanied by illustrative strategy tools used during development to make the reader more familiar with the decision made. The case study concludes by highlighting success and failures in digital transformation and lessons for other banks.

Risk Management

The chapter covers practical risk managers' points during the planning stage of entrepreneurship to integrate into decision making and core business processes. The chapter includes three risks and how to improve the integration of risk management into organizational culture grouped into three high-level objectives. First, strategic risks include the study of competitors, macroeconomics with its industry changes. Second, financial risks such as the business return of investment and forecasting, customer payments, loan interest charges, and liquidity. Access to finance featured prominently in several studies as a constraint on SME development. The third is the operational risks and internal analysis that includes legal compliance, breakdown of essential equipment, employee mismatch, partnership, information technology, external events, and supply chain reliability. It is vital to establish an organizational culture where risk management is a daily component activity.

National Innovation Systems

Since innovation is central to the success of firms in the 21st century, policymakers in many countries try to achieve sustained competitive advantage by promoting technological innovations. However, achieving this goal requires coordination of all actors in the economy including governments, industries, and national institutions. Although each individual actor has unique capabilities and strategic resources, how well the economy performs depends on the strengths of the network as a whole. National Innovation Systems (NIS) approach considers all these interdependent actors within a country to increase national competitiveness. A good example in this regard is South Korea, an innovation leader, which could be a role model for developing countries with its well-established NIS. This chapter studies the elements of the NIS of this country and compares them with that of an emerging economy, Turkey, by using data from the Global Innovation Index and the Global Competitiveness Index. The analysis reveals the strengths and weaknesses of Turkey and helps to draw concrete policy conclusions.

Corporations and Social Enterprises

This chapter describes how corporations and social enterprises in Asia can co-create social value. The traditional role of corporate philanthropy is transactional in nature, where the donation of resources from a corporation allows a non-profit organisation to create social value through its mission. The rise of social entrepreneurship as an alternative for creating social value through hybrid business models has given rise to novel opportunities for corporate philanthropy. Corporations can use their discretionary finances to support social enterprises across the spectrum of their organisational development from ideation and early stage ventures to later stages of maturity. The chapter offers case studies from Singapore, India, and Hong Kong that exemplify the co-creation of social value through small enterprise acceleration, angel investing, corporate venture capital, and business process outsourcing.

Innovative Approaches to Building Enterprise Risk Management in Emerging Economies

This chapter explores a very positive example of enterprise risk management (ERM) development in Mexico, set by the firm Grupo Proeza, from which valuable and highly generalisable lessons can be learned. These lessons will pertain most centrally to Grupo Proeza's techniques of ERM building, where risk management practices are used to enhance the cultural and other foundations for ERM. Of particular interest is the notion that various risk assessment techniques can be used for this purpose, which may seem counter-intuitive by reversing the formative relationship between risk culture and risk assessment practice that is more typically the focus for attention.

Sustainable Innovation Management in Indonesia

Indonesia's National Innovation Policy requires consistent support from the private sector participation to raise its knowledge-based economic growth and become one of the top 15 powerful countries in the world by 2045, as declared by the Presidential decree. The low participation rate of private industries in R&D activities is a cause for concern for the government, as an effort to improve the country's social and economic performance must be a shared responsibility. This chapter looks into how the private sector participation in innovative effort plays an essential role in improving the country's economic performance. The challenges that lie ahead in achieving the goals of National Innovation Policy rest with both the government and the private sector.

India's Entrepreneurial Path to Green Market Solutions in Waste Management

New technologies and increasing opportunities in sustainable development propel start-ups in the green economy. For an emerging economy such as India, the government is focusing heavily on creating a green economy through changes and development of its governmental policies to strengthen green practices among entrepreneurs and other businesses. Specifically, though, India is focused on creating more marketable solutions for the bottom-of-the-income population. Nonetheless, for green entrepreneurs, starting a business is not easy and even more difficult within the workings of sustainability and other external barriers. Barriers may include weak institutional frameworks, weak supply chains, lack of infrastructure, or lack of regulations, which are more problematic in emerging economies. The chapter defines green entrepreneurship and the green economy while discussing India's policy agendas and path towards green market solutions. It then presents a case study about a green start-up, Carbon Masters, and their path towards an innovative waste management solution.

Innovation of SMEs and Their Effect on Productivity in Jalisco

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Jalisco represent one of the main entities of economic activity that supports the bulk of the population living in the state; using statistics as a fundamental tool for conducting studies in the economic, natural, health sciences, among others, allows one to have proactive foundations for decision making within companies by senior executives and in the field public by officials responsible for promoting the growth of the industry in the State of Jalisco. This research tries to represent, under a statistical scheme, the use and disposition of information and communication technologies (ICTs) as a tool to increase average productivity levels within companies and under the Cobb production function. Douglas determines the ICT impact.