Issues and Challenges (Privacy, Security, and Trust) in Blockchain-Based Applications

The major issues and challenges in blockchain over internet of things are security, privacy, and usability. Confidentiality, authentication, and control are the challenges faced in security issue. Hence, this chapter will discuss the challenges and opportunities from the prospective of security and privacy of data in blockchain (with respect to security and privacy community point of view). Furthermore, the authors will provide some future trends that blockchain technology may adapt in the near future (in brief).

Blockchain-Autonomous Driving Systems

Blockchain is the upcoming new information technology that could have quite a lot of significant future applications. In this chapter, the communication network for the reliable environment of intelligent vehicle systems is considered along with how the blockchain technology generates trust network among intelligent vehicles. It also discusses different factors that are effecting or motivating automotive industry, data-driven intelligent transportation system (D2ITS), structure of VANET, framework of intelligent vehicle data sharing based on blockchain used for intelligent vehicle communication and decentralized autonomous vehicles (DAV) network. It also talks about the different ways the autonomous vehicles use blockchain. Block-VN distributed architecture is discussed in detail. The different challenges of research and privacy and security of vehicular network are discussed.

Blockchain, Cybersecurity, and Industry 4.0

The world is going digital, and the wave of automation is sweeping across all facets of our corporate and personal lives. Industry 4.0 is all about leveraging IoT (internet of things) devices to facilitate further the process of automation that helps all organisations to rapidly scale by leveraging technology. The amount of data and information generated by the connected things is being harnessed with the help of advanced algorithm empowered analytics to induce intelligence into all the actions undertaken for the functioning of these connected devices. This chapter is geared towards giving a representative outlook on the concepts of blockchain that see a base in the concepts of cybersecurity. Further to that, this chapter explores the very imminent use cases of what we call the Industry 4.0. This includes use cases from remmitance, insurance, governance, internet of things (IoT), and supply chain, including the kinds of challenges we currently face.

A Review to Leverage the Integration of Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence

Information is the input for several transactions in blockchain technology and AI algorithms. Information in the net is scattered everyplace and controlled by totally different stakeholders. The net is hard to authorize or validate. In this chapter, the authors have a tendency to propose a completely unique approach. Bury Planetary Classification System and Ethereum offer safer information storing, sharing, computing within the large-scale net atmosphere. Here the authors have a tendency to square measure desegregation of two key components: 1) blockchain-based information sharing with possession guarantee and trustworthy information sharing within the large-scale atmosphere to make real huge information and 2) AI-based mostly secured computing technology to supply a lot of intelligent security policies to make a trustworthy net. Bury Planetary classification system makes it attainable to distribute high volumes of knowledge with high potency and no duplication.

Blockchain in Clinical Trials

Clinical research comprises participation from patients. Often there are concerns of enrolment from patients. Hence, it has to face various challenges related to personal data, such as data sharing, privacy and reproducibility, etc. Patients and researchers need to track a set plan called study protocol. This protocol spans through various stages such as registration, collection and analysis of data, report generation, and finally, results in publication of findings. The Blockchain technology has emerged as one of the possible solutions to these challenges. It has a potential to address all the problem associated with clinical research. It provides the comfort for building transparent, secure services relying on trusted third party. This technology enables one to share the control of the data, security, and the parameters with a single patient or a group of patients or any other stakeholders of clinical trial. This chapter addresses the use of blockchain in execution of secure and trusted clinical trials.

Blockchain Security Using Secure Multi-Party Computation

In secure multi-party computation (SMC), multiple distributed parties jointly carry out the computation over their confidential data without compromising data security and privacy. It is a new emerging cryptographic technique used in huge applications such as electronic auction bidding, electronic voting, protecting personal information, secure transaction processing, privacy preserving data mining, and privacy preserving cooperative control of connected autonomous vehicles. This chapter presents two model paradigms of SMC (i.e., ideal model prototype and real model prototype). It also deals with the type and applications of adversaries, properties, and the techniques of SMC. The three prime types of SMC techniques such as randomization, cryptographic techniques using oblivious transfer, and anonymization methods are discussed and illustrated by protective procedures with suitable examples. Finally, autonomous vehicle interaction leveraged with blockchain technology to store and use vehicle data without any human interaction is also discussed.

Future Blockchain Technology for Autonomous Applications/Autonomous Vehicle

The autonomous industry has rapidly grown for self-driving cars. The main purpose of autonomous industry is trying to give all types of security, privacy, secured traffic information to the self-driving cars. Blockchain is another newly established secured technology. The main aim of this technology is to provide more secured, convenient online transactions. By using this new technology, the autonomous industry can easily provide more suitable, safe, efficient transportation to the passengers and secured traffic information to the vehicles. This information can easily gather by the roadside units or by the passing vehicles. Also, the economical transactions can be possible more efficiently since blockchain technology allows peer-to-peer communications between nodes, and it also eliminates the need of the third party. This chapter proposes a concept of how the autonomous industry can provide more adequate, proper, and safe transportation with the help of blockchain. It also examines for the possibility that autonomous vehicles can become the future of transportation.

Optimizing Energy of Electric Vehicles in Smart Cities

In the near future, the electric vehicle (EV) will be the most used in the word. Thus, the energy management of its battery is the most attractive subject specialty in the last decade. Thus, if a driver uses an electric vehicle, he wants to find an optimal method that can optimize the energy battery of its electric vehicle. In this chapter, the authors propose a new concept of the smart electric vehicle (SEV) that can manage, control, and optimize the energy of its battery, in condition to satisfy the drivers' and passengers' comfort. Thus, they use a hybrid approach based on the multi-agent system and the genetic algorithm (MAS-GA).

Security, Privacy, and Trust Management and Performance Optimization of Blockchain

Blockchain provides innovative ideas for storing information, executing transactions, performing functions, creating trust in an open environment, etc. Even though cryptographers, mathematicians, and coders have been trying to bring the most trustable protocols to get authentication guarantee over various systems, blockchain technology is secure with no central authority in an open network system because of a large distributed network of independent users. If anyone tries to change the blockchain database, the current hash will also change, which does not match with the previous hash. In this way, blockchain creates privacy and trust in digital data by removing malleability attacks. In this chapter, security and privacy on the blockchain has been focused. The safety and privacy of blockchain are mainly engrossed on two things: firstly, uncovering few attacks suffered by blockchain systems and, secondly, putting specific and advanced proposals against such attacks.

Reliable (Secure, Trusted, and Privacy Preserved) Cross-Blockchain Ecosystems for Developing and Non-Developing Countries

The chapter suggests an iterative social system in which individuals and totals use a development, watch its arranged and unintended outcomes, and after that, build new improvements. Blockchain development has the potential to construct productivity, capability, straight imposition, and disintermediation in shared worth or information exchange. This chapter proposes how the blockchain will be implemented in developing and non-developing countries. These countries can use the blockchain for financial services, transportation, healthcare, e-marketplace, etc. And what is the risk and danger of using blockchain in non-developed countries?