Does the Propolis Reinforce the Autoclaved Bone Allograft and Does it Have an Immunomodulation Effect?

The loss of bone substance in diaphyseal region of long bones is a common problem faced by veterinarian orthopedic surgeon. In order to recover from cortical bone defect our study proposes to implant an autoclaved orthotopic allograft of one centimeter length and compares effects of covered and uncovered bones with propolis in the femoral diaphysis under general anesthesia and sterile condition. The experiment involved eight adult dogs, from local breed and different sex; split into two groups. An autoclaved allograft without propolis was implanted for the first animals group (control group ) then the same graft has been implanted to the second animals group. The aim of our study is to determine whether the propolis resin can diminish the fragility of autoclaved allografts that was confirmed by the resistance of the graft covered with propolis even once the osteosynthesis material is removed and if the autoclaved grafts covered by the propolis used in our experiments have not suffered resorption despite the intensity of the immune response during the first month.The results show that all grafts covered with propolis remained unbroken and have not suffered of the resorption problems.

Studies on Life Fecundity Tables of Tobacco Leaf Eatingcaterpillar, Spodoptera Litura (Fabricius) On Tobacco, Nicotiana Tabacum (Linnaeus)

Studies on Life tables of Spodoptera litura, were carried out on bidi tobacco cv ABD-101 under laboratory condition at 26 ± 1 °C temperature at Bidi Tobacco Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Anand (Gujarat). The results on number of individuals survived during development revealed that there was no mortality during egg stage and the maximum durations of egg, larva and pupa were 4, 22 and 14 days, respectively. The number that survived from 100 eggs to adult emergence was 76. The pre-oviposition period was ranged from 41 to 42 days of pivotal age. Females contributed highest number of progeny (mx = 328.12) in the life cycle on the 45th day of pivotal age. The net reproductive potential (Ro) was 758.93 females with the mean length of generation period (T) of 45.67 days. The innate capacity for increase (rm) and finite rate of increase () were found to be 0.1462 and 1.1574 females/ female/ day, respectively with a weekly multiplication rate (λ)7 of 2.78 times. The hypothetical F2 females were found to be 575974.70. Results on per cent contribution of different growth stages in stable age distribution revealed that the egg stage contributed was maximum (52.64%), while the contribution of larvae, pupae and adults were 45.86, 1.36 and 0.12, respectively at stable age distribution of S. litura on tobacco cv. ABD-101.

Smart Concretes: Review

Concrete is a versatile and the most widely used material in the world. According to a recent survey, its annual production is one cubic meter per person. Historically, it is an old material, which has evolved tremendously during the passage of time. This paper envisages the most recent smart developments in this wonderful material. The smart concretes discussed in this paper include Engineering Cementitious Composites, Self cleaning concrete, self heating concretes and ultra high performance powder reactive concretes. Through modern technology, the strength of concrete has been enhanced from a few hundred pounds per square inch to more than 30000 pounds per square inch. In the same way, the utility of concrete has been tremendously broadened in many fields. Here, primarily, a brief introduction of all important recent developments is discussed. Next, the composition of these materials is narrated, followed by their applications and utilities. The main theme of this paper is to understand the importance of these concretes and to introduce it to academia and construction industry of Pakistan. It is demonstrated that the introduction of these materials will solve many problems of construction, which are not possible to solve with conventional means. Moreover, these developments could solve many energy problems and some are even quite suitable for earthquake zones of Pakistan.

Selected Saturated Chlorinated Hydrocarbons and Their Properties in Relationship of Resistance of Butyl-Rubber Polymeric Materials

The article describes how to test isolative resistance times of the protective folio based on a polyamide carrier fabric coating with butyl-rubber polymer mixture measured by the linear substituted saturated chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons. Information about quality of means of isolative protection is very important. Their availability may be limited, and therefore, in some cases will need to rely on the value of breakthrough times for basic hydrides of hydrocarbons, which are not substituted.