This chapter studies the concept of an extremophile. In the 1970s, R. D. MacElroy coined the term “extremophile” to describe microorganisms that thrive under extreme conditions. This hybrid word transliterates to “love of extremes” and has been studied as a straightforward concept ever since. The chapter then delineates five different ways to think about extremophiles, concluding that the concept is especially prone to the vagueness and arbitrariness that plague other biological categories, since it unavoidably involves debatable assumptions about life's nature and limits. These five concepts are, briefly, human-centric, at the edge of life's habitation of morphospace, by appeal to statistical rarity, described by objective limits, and at the limits of impossibility for metabolic processes. Importantly, these concepts have coexisted, unacknowledged and conflated, for decades. Confusion threatens to follow from the wildly varied inclusion or exclusion of organisms as extremophiles depending on the concept used. Under some conceptions, entire kinds of extremophiles become meaningless. Ultimately, since people's understanding of how life works is shaped by what people take to be its extremes, clarifying extremophily is key for many large-scale projects in biology, biotechnology, and astrobiology.