Parenteral Transmission

In 2008, 1,616 cases of hepatitis A were reported in the Czech Republic, more than a 10-fold increase compared with the annual number of cases registered in 2003-2007. The infection was initially associated with injecting drug users, most probably by person-to-person contact or parenteral transmission, and in the second half of the year continued to spread among the general population with increased susceptibility.

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An Epidemiologic Investigation of a Case of Acute Hepatitis E

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.01189-15 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 53 (11) ◽

pp. 3547-3552 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Souvik Sarkar ◽

Elenita M. Rivera ◽

Ronald E. Engle ◽

Hanh T. Nguyen ◽

Cathy A. Schechterly ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Hepatitis ◽

Blood Donors ◽

Hepatitis E ◽

Transmission Risk ◽

Genotype 3 ◽

Modes Of Transmission ◽

Parenteral Transmission ◽

Potential Mode ◽

Acute Hepatitis E ◽

Animal Handlers

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is considered a zoonotic infection in developed nations. A case of acute hepatitis E in a researcher following a scalpel injury while working on a pig prompted a seroepidemiologic study to identify potential modes of transmission and determine the seroprevalence of HEV among animal handlers at the institute. Sera from personnel (n= 64) in two animal facilities and age/sex-matched blood donors (n= 63) as controls were tested for IgG anti-HEV and, if positive, for IgM anti-HEV and HEV RNA. Sera and stool from pigs aged 6 to 12 weeks from the breeding farm and older pigs from animal facilities were tested similarly. The median age of personnel was 36 years, 74% were white, 56% were male, and 74% had direct exposure to pigs. The prevalence of anti-HEV was 3.1% among personnel compared to 3.2% among blood donors; none were positive for IgM anti-HEV or HEV RNA. IgG anti-HEV was detected in sera from 10% of pigs aged 6 to 8 weeks, 80% aged 10 weeks, 100% aged 12 weeks, and 76% aged >12 weeks. HEV RNA was detected in stool but not sera from three 12-week-old pigs. Sequencing revealed HEV genotype 3 with ∼10% difference between the patient and pig sequences. Parenteral transmission is a potential mode of acute HEV infection. The low and similar seroprevalence of anti-HEV between the at-risk group and age-matched blood donors suggests low transmission risk with universal precautions among animal handlers.

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Natural history of the TT virus infection through follow-up of TTV DNA–positive multiple-transfused patients

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v95.1.347 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 95 (1) ◽

pp. 347-351 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Jean-Jacques Lefrère ◽

Françoise Roudot-Thoraval ◽

François Lefrère ◽

Alain Kanfer ◽

Martine Mariotti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Natural History ◽

Rna Virus ◽

Elevated Serum ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Hepatitis G Virus ◽

Tt Virus ◽

Parenteral Transmission ◽

Virus C

Abstract Little is known about the natural history and the pathogenicity of the TT virus (TTV). We present our findings of a cross-sectional study based on the TTV DNA screening of 173 multiple-transfused patients and a longitudinal study based on the follow-up of TTV DNA–positive patients. Overall, 48 patients (27.7%) tested positive for TTV DNA. The influence of the number of blood donor exposures on the prevalence of blood-borne viral infection indicates that TTV, hepatitis C virus (HCV), and an RNA virus known as GB virus C/hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV) share a parenteral transmission, but that TTV, in contrast to the 2 other viruses, is also transmitted by at least another efficient means. The patients having a well-defined date of TTV infection were positive for TTV DNA during a mean period of 3.1 years. A chronic infection was observed in 31 cases (86%). TTV carriage appeared clinically benign in all patients. No clinical evidence of a disease potentially linked to the TTV infection was observed in patients with TTV DNA carriage over several years. The majority of TTV carriers had no biochemical evidence of liver disease. The prevalence of elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level was higher in the TTV DNA–positive group, even in the absence of HCV infection, but the observed peaks of ALT level were most often transient and very mild. The prevalence of TTV DNA observed in blood recipients is consistent with that of TTV infection observed in blood donors. TTV infection frequently tends to persist. (Blood. 2000;95:347-351)

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ROLE OF HEPATITIS-B ANTIGEN CARRIERS IN NON-PARENTERAL TRANSMISSION OF THE HEPATITIS-B VIRUS

The Lancet ◽

10.1016/s0140-6736(74)91756-5 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 304 (7877) ◽

pp. 370-372 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

Jenny Heathcote ◽

PH. Gateau ◽

Sheila Sherlock

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

B Virus ◽

Hepatitis B Antigen ◽

Parenteral Transmission

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Parenteral Transmission of HIV Among Injection Drug Users: Assessing the Frequency of Multiperson Use of Needles, Syringes, Cookers, Cotton, and Water

Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes & Human Retrovirology ◽

10.1097/00042560-199802001-00006 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 18 ◽

pp. S25-S29 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Clyde B. McCoy ◽

Lisa R. Metsch ◽

Dale D. Chitwood ◽

Paul Shapshak ◽

Samuel T. Comerford

Keyword(s):

Injection Drug Users ◽

Drug Users ◽

Injection Drug ◽

Parenteral Transmission

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Growth Abnormalities in Children with Chronic Hepatitis B or C

Advances in Virology ◽

10.1155/2012/670316 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

P. Gerner ◽

Andre Hörning ◽

S. Kathemann ◽

K. Willuweit ◽

S. Wirth

Keyword(s):

Chronic Hepatitis ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Chronic Hepatitis B ◽

Antiviral Treatment ◽

Hbv Dna ◽

Liver Inflammation ◽

Route Of Infection ◽

Parenteral Transmission ◽

Study Population ◽

Standard Deviations

Background. It has been suggested that chronic hepatitis B infection leads to growth impairment, but data are inconsistent and underlying factors are not defined.Methods. Children and adolescents with chronic hepatitis B (HBV) or C (HCV) were retrospectively evaluated for growth, weight, antiviral treatment, biochemical signs of liver inflammation, route of infection, and HBV DNA, respectively.Results. In all, 135 children (mean age 6.1 years, 81 male, 54 female) with HBV (n=78) or HCV (n=57) were studied. Route of infection was vertical in 50%, parenteral in 11%, and unknown in 39%. ALT levels were above 1.5 times above normal in 30% while 70% had normal/near normal transaminases. 80% were Caucasian, 14% Asian, 1% black, and 4% unknown. Mean baseline height measured in SDS was significantly lower in the study population than in noninfected children (boys −1.2, girls −0.4,P<0.01). 28 children were below 2 standard deviations of the norm while 5 were above 2 standard deviations. SDS measures in relation to individual factors were as follows: elevated ALT: boys −1.4, females −0.5 (P<0.01), ALT normal/near normal: boys +0.4, females +0.6; parenteral transmission: boys −3.3, girls −0.9 (P<0.01), vertical transmission: boys −0.2, females −0.2. Antiviral treatment itself or HBV-DNA load did not reach statistically significant differences.Conclusions. Chronic HBV or HCV may lead to compromised growth which is mostly influenced by liver inflammation. Our data may argue for early antiviral treatment in children with significant ALT elevation.

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