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2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofei Shang ◽  
Xinghui Yuan ◽  
Lixia Dai ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Jian He ◽  
...  

Ruangan granules (RGGs) have been used to treat liver fibrosis with good clinical efficacy for many years. However, the potential mechanism of action of RGGs against liver fibrosis is still unclear. In this study, we evaluated the quality and safety of this preparation and aimed to explore the anti-liver fibrosis activity and potential mode of action of RGGs using network pharmacology and metabolomics. The results showed that RGGs contained abundant ferulic acid, salvianolic acid B and paeoniflorin, and at the given contents and doses, RGGs were safe and presented anti-liver fibrosis activity. They presented anti-liver fibrosis activity by improving liver function (ALT and AST, p < 0.01) and pathology and decreasing fibrosis markers in the serum of rats caused by CCl4, including HA, LN, PC III, HYP, CoII-V, and α-SMA, and the oxidant stress and inflammatory response were also alleviated in a dose-dependent manner, especially for high-dose RGGs (p < 0.01). Further studies showed that RGGs inhibited the activation of the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway in rats induced by CCl4, regulated pyrimidine metabolism, improved oxidative stress and the inflammatory response by regulating mitochondrial morphology, and alleviated liver fibrosis. Luteolin, quercetin, morin and kaempferol were active compounds and presented the cytotoxicity toward to LX-02 cells. This study provides an overall view of the mechanism underlying the action of RGGs protecting against liver fibrosis.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Chi Ho Lin ◽  

The “FU Chuan Charity Foundation” uses the statutory curriculum of the Department of Social Sciences to implement education on volunteer love and self-management for volunteer students. The statutory courses of the Department of Social Sciences belong to the “Interdisciplinary Curriculum Integration Model”, the “FU Chuan Charity Foundation” opened the “FU Chuan Charity Bachelor Class”, which has been operated by volunteers for 8 years, invisibly in the original “education and learning philosophy”. The outlines of 7 groups of education and learning models gradually emerged, so they were named “Education and Learning Models for the Bachelor of Evangelical Compassion”: including (1) the integration model of old and new students, (2) the cross-age and multi-group co-learning model, (3) Sharing mode in different places and different industries, (4) Social welfare resource co-study mode, (5) Potential mode of voluntary service, (6) Intervention response effect mode, (7) No-handling property mode. The operation of this model has changed from “Originally run a school for the Foundation” to “Run a school for the Friends Association”, and at least assist students in 5 changes: (1) Attitude to study, from “wait and see trial” to “specialized reading” “, then change to “Determined to Grad.” (2) The learning factor changes from “convenient time” to “professional needs”, then to “equal attention to time and professionalism”, and then to “desire to graduate”. (3) The average number of courses taken has changed from “inconsistent courses” to “concentrated courses” and then to “intensive courses”. (4) Student volunteer habits have changed from “adjustment to ups and downs” to “balanced and stable”. (5) The willingness of students to volunteer has changed from “rare concepts” to “stable learning” and then to “dare to face the test of the epidemic” [1].


Planta Medica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Huffman

AbstractThe use of medicines was long considered by Western schools of thought to be a a domain unique to humans; however, folklore/Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) from around the world suggests that animals have also long provided inspiration for the discovery of some medicinal plants used to treat humans and their livestock. Searching for medicinal knowledge from animals depends on the recognition of their ability to select and effectively use medicinal plants to prevent or actively ameliorate disease and other homeostatic imbalances. The interdisciplinary field of animal self-medication is providing scientific evidence for this ability in species across the animal kingdom and lends support to animal-origin medicinal plant folklore and recent ethnomedicinal information. Here, 14 case studies of purported animal-inspired plant medicines used by cultures around the world are presented together with ethnomedicinal and pharmacological evidence. Based on this evidence, the diversity and potential mode of self-medicative behaviors are considered. Over 20 animal species, including llama, sloth and jaguar in South America, reindeer and yak in Eurasia, langur and macaque in Asia, and chimpanzee, wild boar, porcupine and elephant in Africa, are linked to these case studies, representing a variety of potential preventative or therapeutic self-medicative behaviors. These examples provide an important perspective on what is likely to have been a much wider practice in the development of human traditional medicine. A role for animal self-medication research in the rejuvenation of old therapies and possible new discoveries of phytotherapies for human and livestock health is encouraged.


Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 2447
Author(s):  
Rona Aviram ◽  
Yaarit Adamovich ◽  
Gad Asher

Circadian clocks have evolved in most light-sensitive organisms, from unicellular organisms to mammals. Consequently, a myriad of biological functions exhibits circadian rhythmicity, from behavior to physiology, through tissue and cellular functions to subcellular processes. Circadian rhythms in intracellular organelles are an emerging and exciting research arena. We summarize herein the current literature for rhythmicity in major intracellular organelles in mammals. These include changes in the morphology, content, and functions of different intracellular organelles. While these data highlight the presence of rhythmicity in these organelles, a gap remains in our knowledge regarding the underlying molecular mechanisms and their functional significance. Finally, we discuss the importance and challenges faced by spatio-temporal studies on these organelles and speculate on the presence of oscillators in organelles and their potential mode of communication. As circadian biology has been and continues to be studied throughout temporal and spatial axes, circadian organelles appear to be the next frontier.


2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-404
Author(s):  
YONGDONG LI ◽  
YI CHEN ◽  
HONGXIA NI ◽  
BO YI ◽  
DANDAN ZHANG ◽  
...  

SARS-CoV-2 was found in a recovered patient’s stool specimen by combining quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and genome sequencing. The patient was virus positive in stool specimens for at least an additional 15 days after he was recovered, whereas respiratory tract specimens were negative. The discovery of the complete genome of SARS-CoV-2 in the stool sample of the recovered patient demonstrates a cautionary warning that the potential mode of the virus transmission cannot be excluded through the fecal-oral route after viral clearance in the respiratory tract.


Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1600
Author(s):  
Ana Luiza Santos Wagner ◽  
Fabrizio Araniti ◽  
Leonardo Bruno ◽  
Emy Luiza Ishii-Iwamoto ◽  
Maria Rosa Abenavoli

To date, synthetic herbicides are the main tools used for weed control, with consequent damage to both the environment and human health. In this respect, searching for new natural molecules and understanding their mode of action could represent an alternative strategy or support to traditional management methods for sustainable agriculture. Protodioscin is a natural molecule belonging to the class of steroid saponins, mainly produced by monocotyledons. In the present paper, protodioscin’s phytotoxic potential was assessed to identify its target and the potential mode of action in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The results highlighted that the root system was the main target of protodioscin, which caused a high inhibitory effect on the primary root length (ED50 50 μM) with morphological alteration, accompanied by a significant increase in the lateral root number and root hair density. Through a pharmacological and microscopic approach, it was underlined that this saponin modified both auxin distribution and transport, causing an auxin accumulation in the region of root maturation and an alteration of proteins responsible for the auxin efflux (PIN2). In conclusion, the saponin protodioscin can modulate the root system of A. thaliana by interfering with the auxin transport (PAT).


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (603) ◽  
pp. eabg6013
Author(s):  
James M. Murithi ◽  
Cécile Pascal ◽  
Jade Bath ◽  
Xavier Boulenc ◽  
Nina F. Gnädig ◽  
...  

The emergence and spread of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to first-line antimalarials creates an imperative to identify and develop potent preclinical candidates with distinct modes of action. Here, we report the identification of MMV688533, an acylguanidine that was developed following a whole-cell screen with compounds known to hit high-value targets in human cells. MMV688533 displays fast parasite clearance in vitro and is not cross-resistant with known antimalarials. In a P. falciparum NSG mouse model, MMV688533 displays a long-lasting pharmacokinetic profile and excellent safety. Selection studies reveal a low propensity for resistance, with modest loss of potency mediated by point mutations in PfACG1 and PfEHD. These proteins are implicated in intracellular trafficking, lipid utilization, and endocytosis, suggesting interference with these pathways as a potential mode of action. This preclinical candidate may offer the potential for a single low-dose cure for malaria.


2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (02) ◽  
pp. 43-51
Author(s):  
Vinu Rajan PK ◽  

Introduction: Plant-based knowledge has been used for generations for personal protection from various mosquito species. The notion of applying such traditional perspectives in vector control research has received extensive attention in recent years. Unlike other common patterns, the present investigation has tried to explore the augmented production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to Stachytarpheta jamaicensis exposure with special inference on larvicidal potential, mode of action of phytochemical compounds, and oxidative stress. Methods: The larvicidal potential was determined as per the WHO protocol. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy was used to determine the excessive production of ROS. GC-MS was employed to characterise the phytochemical constituents. The statistical analysis was done by using SPSS version 24.0.0. Result: The acetone extract has been found to exhibit a maximum range of toxicity in terms of larvicidal potential and reactive oxygen species formation. Among the 40 phytochemical elements characterised, Cyclopropane, 1,1,2,2-Tetramethyl; Phenyl-Acetonitrile; Pyranone; Tetradecene; Neophytadiene; Mome Inositol; Monocrotaline; and Squalene may be responsible for the augmented production of ROS in the Culex quinquefasciatus. Conclusion: The phytochemical elements in Stachytarpheta jamaicensis displayed extensive toxicity and inhibited the normal development of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes by augmented production of reactive oxygen species, indicating its prominent role in oxidative stress.


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