Detection of Water Loss and Methods of Water Conservation in Industries

2017 ◽  
pp. 361-408
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Water Conservation

Soil and Water Conservation Society and the Construction of Ecological Civilization City

2014 ◽  
Vol 977 ◽  
pp. 290-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Qiang Yu ◽  
Qiang Gao ◽  
Wen Feng Ding
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Social Construction ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Soil And Water Conservation ◽  
Ecological Civilization ◽  
Soil And Water Loss ◽  
The Social ◽  
The City ◽  
Soil And Water

In recent years , with the acceleration of the process of China's modernization cities , soil erosion and lead to many more serious environmental problems . This paper describes the harm to the social construction of ecological civilization city soil and water loss,analyzed the causes of soil erosion,and finally illustrates the importance of soil and water conservation of the city and puts forward some suggestions for the construction of soil and water conservation.

Characterization and Evaluation of Soil Erosion in Shenzhen: Using Environmental Radionuclides

2014 ◽  
Vol 522-524 ◽  
pp. 211-222
Author(s):  
Jun Jie Li ◽  
Ding Qiang Li ◽  
Mu Ning Zhuo
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Urban Soil ◽  
Land Development ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
Soil And Water Loss ◽  
Unique Method ◽  
Soil And Water

Nuclear tracer technology is quantitative and it has a high priority, which provides a unique method for understanding the mechanism of urban soil and water loss.137Cs +210Pbexcombination tracer was applied to study the characterization and evaluation of soil Erosion in Shenzhen. The results indicate that the following: 1)Disturbances from urbanization has greatly changed surface soil in Shenzhen.137Cs background inventory in Shenzhen range at 99 Bq/m2-653 Bq/m2. 2)210Pbexbackground inventory increase with altitude rise, which is attributed to the movement of water vapor. 3)Soil erosion in Shenzhen has a wide distribution area and exacerbated by severe human disturbance. Land development and steep orchard are key factors that influence urban soil and water loss. 4)Shenzhen should strictly carry out projects for soil and water conservation, such as returning steep slopes into forests and grasslands, and other ecological management reforms.

scholarly journals Integrating water distribution system efficiency into the water conservation strategy for California: a Los Angeles perspective

Water Policy ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1030-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kartiki S. Naik ◽  
Madelyn Glickfeld
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
High Data ◽  
Distribution Efficiency

Abstract Improving water management in California requires a transition from imported to local water resources used efficiently. To assess this transitional capacity of water retailers in metropolitan Los Angeles County, we focused on a key water management metric: the water distribution efficiency. We traced the evolution of water loss reduction policy and practices globally with emphasis on California. California Senate Bills 1420 and 555 mandate annual water auditing and reporting for urban water suppliers. We surveyed and evaluated ten water retailers' approaches to monitor and reduce losses. Four of ten sampled water retailers monitored real losses, averaging 3–4% of total water supplied. Only three of ten sampled water retailers employed leak detection technology. Of the six sampled retailers with annual pipe replacement strategies, four retailers followed inadequate rehabilitation schedules. Most of the sampled retailers monitor water losses in percent, which misrepresents the actual volume. While a necessary step, California water loss legislation relies on the American Water Works Association Water Audit software. Verifying reported data for randomly selected retailers can ensure high data quality. Small retailers are exempt from mandatory water loss monitoring, and they need state support and resource pooling to improve their water distribution efficiency.

Water loss by floral structures of avocado (Persea americana cv. Fuerte) during flowering

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 457 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Whiley ◽  
KR Chapman ◽  
JB Saranah
Keyword(s):  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Effective Boundary ◽  
Tree Canopies ◽  
Transpirational Water Loss ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sun Leaves

Transpiration rate (E) and epidermal conductance (gc,) were determined for avocado leaves and floral parts under controlled environmental conditions (28�C; PAR 60 8mole quanta m-2 s-1; VPD 1.14 kPa). E of hydrated flowers was shown to be approximately 60% that of similarly treated leaves. Around 13% of total transpirational water loss from tree canopies could be attributed to floral organs. The mean gc of leaves and flower panicles was similar at 0.028 and 0.023 mm s-1 respectively. The available canopy surface area for water loss increased by c. 90% during flowering. Xylem water potentials in panicle segments with open flowers were lower than those of mature leaves measured on trees in the field. Maximum transpiration rate of leaves measured in the field was 6.7 8g cm-2 s -1 at 0700 hours, declining to 3.0 8g cm-2 s-1 at 1100 hours, while stomatal conductance (gs) on the same leaves fell from 10.2 mm s-1 at 0700 hours to 2.52 mm s-1 at 1100 hours. Scanning Electron Microscope studies of leaves and floral structures highlighted morphological and anatomical features for water conservation. Mature leaves have an epicuticular wax-like layer on the adaxial surface. Stomates were located only on the abaxial surface, which was also covered wlth wax-like deposits. Stomate density was estimated at 73 000 cm-2 on sun leaves. Stomates were also located on abaaial surfaces of flower sepals and petals. All floral structures were densely pubescent, thereby increasing the effective boundary layer depth.

scholarly journals Study on Soil and Water Conservation and Governance of Urban Inland Rivers: A Case Study of Nakau River Basin Governance

2020 ◽  
Vol 145 ◽  
pp. 02032
Author(s):  
Yiyuan Zhang ◽  
Dong Li ◽  
Yan Sun ◽  
Ronghua Tang ◽  
Yongxin Nong
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Soil And Water Loss ◽  
Water And Soil Conservation ◽  
Inland Rivers ◽  
Soil And Water

Taking the Nakau River Basin Governance Project as the research area, the problems existing in the Nakau River Basin, the key and difficult points of water and soil conservation management, and the measures and implementation effects of water and soil conservation in urban rivers are discussed. According to the characteristics of soil and water loss in the inland rivers of the city, an effective prevention and control measure system was proposed, which ultimately effectively prevented human-induced soil and water loss during the construction of the project, protected water and soil resources, guaranteed the safe operation of the main project, and maintained and improved the regional ecology surroundings.

scholarly journals Environmental determinants of total evaporative water loss in birds at multiple temperatures

The Auk ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Soorim Song ◽  
Steven R Beissinger
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Evaporative Water Loss ◽  
Diel Activity ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
Evaporative Water

Abstract Endotherms dissipate heat to the environment to maintain a stable body temperature at high ambient temperatures, which requires them to maintain a balance between heat dissipation and water conservation. Birds are relatively small, contain a large amount of metabolically expensive tissue, and are mostly diurnal, making them susceptible to physiological challenges related to water balance and heat dissipation. We compiled total evaporative water loss (TEWL) measurements for 174 species of birds exposed to different temperatures and used comparative methods to examine their relationships with body size, ambient temperature, precipitation, diet, and diel activity cycle. TEWL in the thermoneutral zone (TNZ) was associated primarily with body mass and activity phase. Larger and more active-phase birds, with their higher metabolic rates, lost more water through evaporation than smaller, resting-phase birds, particularly at higher thermal exposures. However, maximum temperature of the natural habitat became an important determinant of TEWL when birds were exposed to temperatures exceeding the TNZ. Species from hotter climates exhibited higher TEWL. Adaptation to arid climates did not restrict evaporative water loss at thermal conditions within the TNZ, but promoted evaporative water loss at exposures above the TNZ. The TEWL of granivores, which ingest food with low water content, differed little from species with other food habitats under all thermal conditions. The effects of environmental covariates of TEWL were dissimilar across thermal exposures, suggesting no evidence for a tradeoff between water conservation in the TNZ and heat dissipation at exposure to higher temperatures. Thus, birds may be able to acclimate when climate change results in the need to increase heat dissipation due to warming, except perhaps in hot, arid environments where species will need to depend heavily upon evaporative cooling to maintain homeothermy.

scholarly journals An experimental evolution study confirms that discontinuous gas exchange does not contribute to body water conservation in locusts

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 20160807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stav Talal ◽  
Amir Ayali ◽  
Eran Gefen
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Locusta Migratoria ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Evaporative Water ◽  
Migratory Locust ◽  
Evolutionary Response ◽  
Evolution Study

The adaptive nature of discontinuous gas exchange (DGE) in insects is contentious. The classic ‘hygric hypothesis’, which posits that DGE serves to reduce respiratory water loss (RWL), is still the best supported. We thus focused on the hygric hypothesis in this first-ever experimental evolution study of any of the competing adaptive hypotheses. We compared populations of the migratory locust ( Locusta migratoria ) that underwent 10 consecutive generations of selection for desiccation resistance with control populations. Selected locusts survived 36% longer under desiccation stress but DGE prevalence did not differ between these and control populations (approx. 75%). Evolved changes in DGE properties in the selected locusts included longer cycle and interburst durations. However, in contrast with predictions of the hygric hypothesis, these changes were not associated with reduced RWL rates. Other responses observed in the selected locusts were higher body water content when hydrated and lower total evaporative water loss rates. Hence, our data suggest that DGE cycle properties in selected locusts are a consequence of an evolved increased ability to store water, and thus an improved capacity to buffer accumulated CO 2 , rather than an adaptive response to desiccation. We conclude that DGE is unlikely to be an evolutionary response to dehydration challenge in locusts.

scholarly journals Salt and water relations, and nitrogen excretion, in the amphibious african freshwater crab potamonautes warreni in water and in air

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (6) ◽  
pp. 883-893 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Morris ◽  
W J van Aardt
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Low Permeability ◽  
Low Loss ◽  
Uptake Mechanism ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Na Uptake ◽  
Potamonautes Warreni

Mechanisms of salt and water conservation, and nitrogen excretion, were investigated in the freshwater amphibious crab Potamonautes warreni from the High Veld of South Africa. Adaptations to fresh water were assessed as pre-adaptations to air-breathing, and nitrogen excretion was examined as a potential constraint to terrestrial excursions. P. warreni was able to regulate water and salt loss in water up to 40 % sea water, but not in 80 % sea water. The water permeability of P. warreni was low and, since 97 % of the haemolymph filtrate was reabsorbed in the antennal organ, urinary water loss was minimal (0.7 microl g-1 h-1). The minimum equilibrium [Na] of P. warreni was low (0.116 mmol l-1), as were the rates of both Na loss (0.22 micromol g-1 h-1) and Ca loss (0.29 micromol g-1 h-1). The low loss rates were due to urinary salt conservation of approximately 90 % or better and to low permeability (K'Na=0.0025; K'Ca=0.0521), and were compensated for by a high-affinity uptake mechanism (Jmax=0.76 micromol g-1 h-1 and Km=0.18 mmol l-1). Acclimating P. warreni to low Na concentrations increased maximum net Na uptake rate to 1.77 micromol g-1 h-1. <P> Nitrogen excretion in P. warreni was almost 100 % ammoniotelic, and there was no accumulation of haemolymph or urinary ammonia or urea when in air. P. warreni was unable to excrete ammonia to air, but in water the rate of excretion was nearly 70 micromol kg-1 h-1. Crabs in amphibious conditions showed pulses of elevated NH3 excretion (350 micromol kg-1 h-1) when subsequently submerged, while for crabs breathing air for 3 days this pulse reached 4.9 mmol kg-1 h-1. Air-breathing P. warreni with artificially irrigated branchial chambers excreted double the amount of NH3 via the gills compared with crabs from amphibious conditions. <P> Water and salt conservation form useful pre-adaptations to terrestrial forays. While the relatively low water loss extends the duration of emersion, P. warreni is required to return briefly to water to excrete stored nitrogenous waste. The nature of the store remains to be determined. <P>

Sex-specific differences in the physiological basis of water conservation in the fruit fly Drosophila hydei from the western Himalayas

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 545-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravi Parkash ◽  
Divya Singh ◽  
Chanderkala Lambhod
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Cuticular Lipids ◽  
Western Himalayas ◽  
Desiccation Resistance ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Drosophila Hydei

In the cosmopolitan fruit fly Drosophila hydei Sturtevant, 1921 (Diptera: Drosophilidae), the relative abundance of males is significantly higher than females, but the physiological basis of such sex-specific differences are largely unknown. For wild populations of D. hydei, we found seasonal changes (summer versus autumn) in desiccation-related traits, but the desiccation tolerance of males was higher than that of females in all seasons. For desiccation-related traits, we tested whether thermal developmental acclimation at three temperatures (17, 21, and 28 °C) matched seasonal changes observed under wild conditions. Male flies showed significantly higher trait values for desiccation resistance, cuticular lipid mass, hemolymph content, carbohydrate content, and dehydration tolerance compared with females when reared at lower or higher temperatures despite the lack of significant sex-specific differences in the total body-water content of flies reared at a particular growth temperature. We observed plastic changes in the amount of cuticular lipids consistent with corresponding differences in the rate of water loss. Treatment of cuticular surface with organic solvent (hexane) supported the role of cuticular lipids in affecting transcuticular water loss. We found significant thermal plastic effects for desiccation-related traits of D. hydei, but the sexual dimorphism was in the opposite direction, i.e., males were more desiccation resistant than females in D. hydei, whereas the reverse is true for many other Drosophila species. Our results suggest that sex-specific differences in the level of desiccation resistance in D. hydei are good predictors of relative abundance levels of male and female flies under wild conditions.

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