Evolution of shade tolerance is associated with attenuation of shade avoidance and reduced phenotypic plasticity in North American milkweeds

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (9) ◽  
pp. 1705-1715
Author(s):  
Tyler C. Coverdale ◽  
Anurag A. Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
North American ◽  
Shade Tolerance ◽  
Shade Avoidance

The systematics of Ranunculus gmelinii and R. hyperboreus in North America

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 1713-1722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
North America ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
North American ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Controlled Growth ◽  
The North ◽  
Representative Material

A consideration of the taxonomy of Ranunculus gmelinii DC. and R. hyperboreus Rottb. is presented. The role of phenotypic plasticity is indicated as a factor contributing to the range of morphological variation in these species and to the confusion found in their taxonomy. The present work, by a reexamination of representative material collected throughout the North American range of the species, and the use of controlled growth conditions, has suggested new limits for the species. This has resulted in modifications of the descriptions of the species and (or) the reduction of taxa to synonymy.Ranunculus hyperboreus Rottb. var. turquetilianus Polunin has been made a synonym of R. gmelinii DC.; R. natans C.A. Mey. var. intertextus (Greene) L. Benson has been made a synonym of R. hyperboreus Rottb.

scholarly journals Domestication reduces phenotypic plasticity in chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Mill.) I.M. Johnst)

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel A. Munguía-Rosas
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Shade Avoidance ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Cnidoscolus Aconitifolius

Background: Natural selection optimizes phenotypic plasticity in plants found in environmentally variable habitats. However, it is unclear how artificial selection has affected the phenotypic plasticity of crops. Reduced plasticity in crop yield is often considered a desirable feature in cultivated plants; however, limited phenotypic plasticity in this and other traits may also affect the ability of crops to cope with environmental variation. Study species: Wild and domesticated chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Mill.) I.M. Johnst). Question: How domestication has affected the phenotypic plasticity of vegetative traits in response to the light environment? Methods: Leaf area, leaf perimeter, leaf specific area, leaf production, trichome density, stem elongation, growth in stem diameter and slenderness were measured in clones of wild and domesticated plants. These clones were allocated to two contrasting light treatments: fully exposed to sun vs. placement beneath a shade cloth. The phenotypic traits and reaction norms were compared between the genotypes of wild and domesticated plants. Results: Lower plasticity in leaf production and slenderness was observed in the domesticated compared to the wild plants. Leaf production and slenderness are associated with the shade avoidance syndrome, which was evident in wild plants but not manifested in domesticated plants. Reduced plasticity in leaf production also suggests yield stability. Conclusion: Artificial selection reduces phenotypic plasticity in the yield of chaya and in its response to variation in light availability.

scholarly journals Understanding the Shade Tolerance Responses Through Hints From Phytochrome A-Mediated Negative Feedback Regulation in Shade Avoiding Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiying Xu ◽  
Peirui Chen ◽  
Yi Tao
Keyword(s):  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Shade Tolerance ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Feedback Regulation ◽  
Shade Avoidance ◽  
Phytochrome A ◽  
Negative Feedback Regulation ◽  
Signaling Components

Based on how plants respond to shade, we typically classify them into two groups: shade avoiding and shade tolerance plants. Under vegetative shade, the shade avoiding species induce a series of shade avoidance responses (SARs) to outgrow their competitors, while the shade tolerance species induce shade tolerance responses (STRs) to increase their survival rates under dense canopy. The molecular mechanism underlying the SARs has been extensively studied using the shade avoiding model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, while little is known about STRs. In Aarabidopsis, there is a PHYA-mediated negative feedback regulation that suppresses exaggerated SARs. Recent studies revealed that in shade tolerance Cardamine hirsuta plants, a hyperactive PHYA was responsible for suppressing shade-induced elongation growth. We propose that similar signaling components may be used by shade avoiding and shade tolerance plants, and different phenotypic outputs may result from differential regulation or altered dynamic properties of these signaling components. In this review, we summarized the role of PHYA and its downstream components in shade responses, which may provide insights into understanding how both types of plants respond to shade.

On the Relationship between Shade Tolerance and Shade Avoidance Strategies in Woodland Plants

Oikos ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh A. L. Henry ◽  
Lonnie W. Aarssen
Keyword(s):  
Shade Tolerance ◽  
Shade Avoidance ◽  
Avoidance Strategies ◽  
The Relationship

Seed size and shade-tolerance: a comparative analysis of North American temperate trees

Oecologia ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
North American ◽  
Shade Tolerance ◽  
Temperate Trees

Allozymic Variation and Species Diversity in North American Bosminidae

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 873-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita De Melo ◽  
Paul D. N. Hebert
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
North American ◽  
Species Boundaries ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Allozyme Analysis ◽  
Allozyme Data ◽  
Polymorphic Loci ◽  
Morphological Studies

North American members of the genus Bosmina show marked morphological variation and integradation, which have been attributed to the occurrence of both phenotypic plasticity and occasional hybridization between a small number of species. We employed allozyme analysis on 72 bosminid populations from 62 North American habitats to ascertain the validity of species boundaries and to verify the occurrence of hybridization. Results showed that levels of genetic variability (15.8% polymorphic loci, 10% individual heterozygosities) in bosminids were comparable with those reported in other zooplankton groups. Significant Hardy–Weinberg deviations were detected at 38% of polymorphic loci and were usually due to heterozygote deficiency. No clear evidence of interspecific hybridization was obtained, although some cases of heterozygote excess require further investigation. While prior morphological studies indicated the occurrence of only six species, the allozyme data revealed the presence of eight assemblages showing allelic substitutions at one or more loci. Each assemblage corresponded to a different species belonging to one of four subgenera (Bosmina, Eubosmina, Neobosmina, or Sinobosmina). Within two assemblages, individuals could be further partitioned into two morphologically distinct, but genetically similar species, leading to the recognition of 10 species in this study.

scholarly journals Low light intensity delays vegetative phase change in Arabidopsis thaliana

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingli Xu ◽  
Tieqiang Hu ◽  
R. Scott Poethig
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Phase Change ◽  
Shade Tolerance ◽  
Light Quality ◽  
Shade Avoidance ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Vegetative Phase ◽  
Master Regulators ◽  
Vegetative Phase Change

Plants that develop under low intensity light (LL) often display a phenotype known as the "shade tolerance syndrome (STS)". This syndrome is similar to the phenotype of plants in the juvenile phase of shoot development, but the basis for this similarity is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that the STS is regulated by the same mechanism that regulates the juvenile vegetative phase by examining the effect of LL on rosette development in Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that LL prolonged the juvenile vegetative phase and that this was associated with an increase the expression of the master regulators of vegetative phase change, miR156 and miR157, and a decrease in the expression of their SPL targets. Exogenous sucrose partially corrected the effect of LL on seedling development and miR156 expression. Our results suggest that the response of Arabidopsis to LL is mediated by an increase in miR156/miR157 expression and by factors that repress SPL gene expression independently of miR156/miR157, and is caused in part by a decrease in carbohydrate production. The effect of LL on vegetative phase change does not require the photoreceptors and transcription factors responsible for the shade avoidance syndrome, implying that light intensity and light quality regulate rosette development by different pathways.

Inter- and intraspecific relationships between shade tolerance and shade avoidance in temperate trees

Oikos ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh A. L. Henry ◽  
Lonnie W. Aarssen
Keyword(s):  
Shade Tolerance ◽  
Shade Avoidance ◽  
Temperate Trees ◽  
Intraspecific Relationships

scholarly journals Effect of domestication on phenotypic plasticity in chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Mill) I.M. Johnstone)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel A. Munguía-Rosas
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Light Environment ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Shade Avoidance ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Cnidoscolus Aconitifolius ◽  
Leaf Specific Area

Abstract It is widely recognized that phenotypic plasticity may increase the survival of plants in environmentally variable habitats. However, the manner in which artificial selection affects the phenotypic plasticity of crops is poorly understood and there is no previous study in clonally propagated crops. The goal of this study was to assess the effect of domestication on phenotypic plasticity in leaf traits, growth rates and allocation patterns, under contrasting light environments, in the clonally propagated crop chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolious (Mill) I.M. Johnstone). Leaf area, leaf perimeter, leaf specific area, leaf production, trichome density, growth in height, growth in stem diameter and slenderness were measured in 97 clones belonging to 20 genotypes (10 wild and 10 domesticated). The clones were allocated to two contrasting light environments: fully exposed to sun vs. placement beneath a shade cloth. Reaction norms for each trait were compared between wild and domesticated clones. Results suggest that domestication and light environment had a non-additive effect on phenotypic plasticity in leaf production and slenderness. Reduced plasticity in these traits was observed in domesticated plants compared to that of their wild relatives. Leaf production and slenderness are associated with the shade avoidance syndrome, which is evident in wild plants but not manifested in domesticated plants. Reduced plasticity in leaf production also suggests yield stability, since the leaves form the edible part of chaya. I conclude that artificial selection reduces phenotypic plasticity in the yield of chaya and in its response to variation in the light environment.

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