Effects of compatibility on foaming behavior of polypropylene/polyolefin elastomer blends prepared using a chemical blowing agent

2017 ◽  
Vol 134 (33) ◽  
pp. 45201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Do Young Kim ◽  
Gi Hong Kim ◽  
Dong Yun Lee ◽  
Kwan Ho Seo
Keyword(s):  
Blowing Agent ◽  
Polyolefin Elastomer ◽  
Foaming Behavior

scholarly journals Effect of Compatibility on the Foaming Behavior of Injection Molded Polypropylene and Polycarbonate Blend Parts

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bei Su ◽  
Ying-Guo Zhou ◽  
Bin-Bin Dong ◽  
Cao Yan
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Potential Method ◽  
Grafted Polymers ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer ◽  
Blowing Agent ◽  
Cell Nucleation ◽  
Foaming Behavior ◽  
Thermal Features ◽  
Injection Molded ◽  
Scanning Electron

To improve the foaming behavior of a common linear polypropylene (PP) resin, polycarbonate (PC) was blended with PP, and three different grafted polymers were used as the compatibilizers. The solid and foamed samples of the PP/PC 3:1 blend with different compatibilizers were first fabricated by melt extrusion followed by injection molding (IM) with and without a blowing agent. The mechanical properties, thermal features, morphological structure, and relative rheological characterizations of these samples were studied using a tensile test, dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and torque rheometer. It can be found from the experimental results that the influence of the compatibility between the PP and PC phases on the foaming behavior of PP/PC blends is substantial. The results suggest that PC coupling with an appropriate compatibilizer is a potential method to improve the foamability of PP resin. The comprehensive effect of PC and a suitable compatibilizer on the foamability of PP can be attributed to two possible mechanisms, i.e., the partial compatibility between phases that facilitates cell nucleation and the improved gas-melt viscosity that helps to form a fine foaming structure.

scholarly journals Microwave Foaming of Materials: An Emerging Field

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2477
Author(s):  
Mukarram Zubair ◽  
Rebecca Ferrari ◽  
Omar Alagha ◽  
Nuhu Dalhat Mu’azu ◽  
Nawaf I. Blaisi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Process Time ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽  
Blowing Agent ◽  
Foaming Behavior ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Physical Expansion ◽  
Processing Steps ◽  
Processing Factors

In the last two decades, the application of microwave heating to the processing of materials has to become increasingly widespread. Microwave-assisted foaming processes show promise for industrial commercialization due to the potential advantages that microwaves have shown compared to conventional methods. These include reducing process time, improved energy efficiency, solvent-free foaming, reduced processing steps, and improved product quality. However, the interaction of microwave energy with foaming materials, the effects of critical processing factors on microwave foaming behavior, and the foamed product’s final properties are still not well-explored. This article reviews the mechanism and principles of microwave foaming of different materials. The article critically evaluates the impact of influential foaming parameters such as blowing agent, viscosity, precursor properties, microwave conditions, additives, and filler on the interaction of microwave, foaming material, physical (expansion, cellular structure, and density), mechanical, and thermal properties of the resultant foamed product. Finally, the key challenges and opportunities for developing industrial microwave foaming processes are identified, and areas for potential future research works are highlighted.

Study on the Foaming Behavior of PS-CO2 by Using Water or Ethanol as Co-Blowing Agent

2013 ◽  
Vol 748 ◽  
pp. 112-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Wei Luo ◽  
Chun Ling Xin ◽  
Jiao Sun ◽  
Bao Rui Yan ◽  
Ya Dong He
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Cell Density ◽  
Apparent Density ◽  
Expansion Ratio ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Blowing Agents ◽  
Blowing Agent ◽  
Foaming Behavior ◽  
Low Solubility ◽  
Foam Production

Carbon dioxide (CO2) has been reported as an interesting substitute of banned ozone-depleting blowing agents, such as HCFC and HFC etc., for low-density polystyrene (PS) foam production, but it is difficult to industrialize due to its low solubility in PS matrix; therefore, high pressure is always needed in order to obtain the required gas concentrations for low density foam. Mixtures of blowing agents might be a practical way to make foam processing easy to control. In this paper, the foaming behaviors of PS-CO2 by using water or ethanol as co-blowing agent were investigated. The performances of foams obtained by PS-CO2, PS-CO2-water and PS-CO2-ethanol systems were tested respectively. It was found that cell size increased owing to the existence of co-blowing agent; in particular, the expansion ratio of PS foam obtained by CO2-ethanol was 1.3 times greater than that by CO2. At the same time, cell density as well as apparent density decreased with temperature increasing, while cell size showed the opposite. Cell size and apparent density, rather than cell density, decreased with pressure. These results were explained by the solution behavior of each of blowing agent.

Microcellular foaming behavior of ether- and ester-based TPUs blown with supercritical CO2

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 561-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bige Batı ◽  
Emine Büşra Küçük ◽  
Ali Durmuş ◽  
Mohammadreza Nofar
Keyword(s):  
Cell Growth ◽  
Hard Segment ◽  
Saturation Temperature ◽  
Growth Behavior ◽  
Processing Unit ◽  
Foam Expansion ◽  
Processing Window ◽  
Blowing Agent ◽  
Foaming Behavior ◽  
Scale Reactor

AbstractThe bead foaming behavior of ether- and an ester-based Tensor Processing Unit (TPU) resins were investigated in a lab-scale reactor using supercritical CO2 as the blowing agent. The samples were saturated at various saturation temperatures and the effects of hard segment crystallization during the saturation on the foaming behavior of the TPU samples were explored. The results revealed that the different HS crystallization tendencies and possible CO2 solubility differences in two TPU grades led to their different foaming behaviors. The ester-based TPU could be foamed within a wider saturation temperature range and revealed an easier cell growth and foam expansion while the ether-based TPU showed a more limited cell growth behavior and hence processing window. The effect of pre-annealing and hence the isothermally induced HS crystallization on the foaming behavior of the ether-based TPU and the influence of depressurization rate on the foaming behavior of ester-based TPU was also explored.

Exo-endothermic Blowing Agent and its Foaming Behavior

2005 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiong Zhou ◽  
Chuan-Bo Cong
Keyword(s):  
Blowing Agent ◽  
Foaming Behavior

scholarly journals Effect of phase compatibility on the foaming behavior of LDPE/HDPE and LDPE/PP blends with subcritical CO2 as the blowing agent

2017 ◽  
Vol 120 ◽  
pp. 421-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Wan ◽  
Gangwei Sun ◽  
Feng Gao ◽  
Tao Liu ◽  
Mohamed Esseghir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blowing Agent ◽  
Foaming Behavior ◽  
Phase Compatibility ◽  
Pp Blends

Foaming of Vulcanized PP/EPDM Blends Using Chemical Blowing Agents

1992 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 778-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Dutta ◽  
M. Cakmak
Keyword(s):  
Percent Density ◽  
Degree Of Cure ◽  
Blowing Agents ◽  
Blowing Agent ◽  
Density Reduction ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Foaming Behavior ◽  
Rubber Phase ◽  
Chemical Blowing Agents ◽  
Optimum Balance

Abstract Using two different chemical blowing agents, foaming behavior of partially vulcanized PP/EPDM blends with high EPDM ratio has been studied. The objective was to induce foaming within the EPDM phase prior to complete curing. The results suggest that with proper choice of blowing agent and by optimum balance of curative loading, foams with densities as low as 0.55 g/cm3 could be obtained. This corresponds to nearly 90 percent density reduction which is significantly greater than the 15 to 20% afforded by similar fully-vulcanized dynamically cured blends reported previously. The degree of cure in the rubber phase was determined to play a key role in determining the overall foamability. In particular, the foamability of the blend was found to decrease linearly with increase in the gel content. In addition, the compounding technique also plays a major role in controlling foamability of these blends. Attempts at extrusion foaming of these blends, however, were successful only for blends with a rather low degree of cure.

Foaming Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Microcellular PP/SiO2Composites

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Gong ◽  
K. J. Liu ◽  
C. Zhang ◽  
J. H. Zhu ◽  
L. He
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Foaming Behavior

Effect of carbon allotropes on foam formation, cure characteristics, mechanical and thermal properties of NRF/carbon composites

2020 ◽  
pp. 0021955X2097954
Author(s):  
Pollawat Charoeythornkhajhornchai ◽  
Wutthinun Khamloet ◽  
Pattharawun Nungjumnong
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Bubble Diameter ◽  
Carbon Composites ◽  
Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽  
Foam Formation ◽  
Carbon Filler ◽  
Composite Foam ◽  
Carbon Allotropes ◽  
Blowing Agent ◽  
Rubber Composite

Natural rubber composite foam with carbon such as carbon black (CB), carbon synthesized from durian bark (CDB), graphite (GPT), graphene oxide (GO), graphene (GPE) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) was studied in this work to investigate the relationship between foam formation during decomposition of chemical blowing agent mechanism and crosslink reaction of rubber molecules by sulphur. Natural rubber composite foam with carbon particle was set at 3 parts per hundred of rubber (phr) to observe the effect of carbon allotropes on foam formation with different microstructure and properties of natural rubber composite foam. The balancing of crosslink reaction by sulphur molecules during foam formation by the decomposition of chemical blowing agent affects the different morphology of natural rubber foam/carbon composites leading to the different mechanical and thermal properties. The result showed the fastest cure characteristics of natural rubber foam with 3 phr of graphene (NRF-GPE3) which was completely cure within 6.55 minutes (tc90) measured by moving die rheometer resulting in the smallest bubble diameter among other formulas. Moreover, natural rubber foam with 3 phr of MWCNT (NRF-MWCNT3) had the highest modulus (0.0035 ± 0.0005 N/m2) due to the small bubble size with high bulk density. In addition, natural rubber foam with 3 phr of GPT (NRF-GPT3) had the highest thermal expansion coefficient (282.12 ± 69 ppm/K) due to high amount of gas bubbles inside natural rubber foam matrix and natural rubber foam with 3 phr of GO (NRF-GO3) displayed the lowest thermal conductivity (0.0798 ± 0.0003 W/m.K) which was lower value than natural rubber foam without carbon filler (NRF). This might be caused by the effect of bubble diameter and bulk density as well as the defect on surface of graphene oxide compared to others carbon filler.

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