Influence of blood flow and millimeter wave exposure on skin temperature in different thermal models

Reports of cardiovascular responses to head-stand posture are lacking in literature. The results of the various responses, respectively, to the supine, erect, and head-stand posture, are as follows: heart rate/min 67, 84, and 69; brachial arterial pressure mm Hg 92, 90, and 108; posterior tibial arterial pressure mm Hg 98, 196, and 10; finger blood flow ml/100 ml min 4.5, 4.4, and 5.2; toe blood flow ml/100 ml min 7.1, 8.1, and 3.4; forehead skin temperature C 34.4, 34.0 and 34.3; dorsum foot skin temperature C 28.6, 28.2, and 28.2. It is inferred that the high-pressure-capacity vessels between the heart level and posterior tibial artery have little nervous control. The high-pressure baroreceptors take active part in postural adjustments of circulation. The blood pressure equating mechanism is not as efficient when vital tissues are pooled with blood as when blood supply to them is reduced. man; heart rate; blood flow; skin temperature Submitted on January 3, 1963

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Development and evaluation of thermal models for predicting skin temperature of dairy cattle

Computers and Electronics in Agriculture ◽

10.1016/j.compag.2021.106363 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 188 ◽

pp. 106363

Author(s):

Geqi Yan ◽

Kaixin Liu ◽

Ze Hao ◽

Hao Li ◽

Zhengxiang Shi

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cattle ◽

Skin Temperature ◽

Thermal Models

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Application of Device Electro-Thermal Models to the Design of Millimeter-Wave Frequency Multipliers

2020 45th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz) ◽

10.1109/irmmw-thz46771.2020.9370725 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Carlos G. Perez-Moreno ◽

Jesus Grajal

Keyword(s):

Millimeter Wave ◽

Wave Frequency ◽

Frequency Multipliers ◽

Thermal Models

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The interrelationship between air temperature and humidity as applied locally to the skin: The resultant response on skin temperature and blood flow with age differences

Medical Science Monitor ◽

10.12659/msm.882619 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. CR201-CR208 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jerrold S. Petrofsky ◽

Lee Berk ◽

Faris Alshammari ◽

Haneul Lee ◽

Adel Hamdan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Skin Temperature ◽

Age Differences ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Temperature And Humidity

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Relation of local skin temperature and local sweating to cutaneous blood flow

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1963.18.4.781 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 781-785 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Leo C. Senay ◽

Leon D. Prokop ◽

Leslie Cronau ◽

Alrick B. Hertzman

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Skin Temperature ◽

Sweat Gland ◽

Cutaneous Blood Flow ◽

Local Skin ◽

Cutaneous Vasodilatation ◽

Local Skin Temperature ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Cutaneous Blood

The relationship of local skin temperature and the onset of sweating to the local cutaneous blood flow was studied in the forearm and calf. The purpose of the investigation was to appraise the possible relation of sweat gland activity to the cutaneous vasodilatation which has been attributed to bradykinin or to intracranial temperatures. The onset of sweating was not marked by any apparently related increases in the rate of cutaneous blood flow. On the contrary, the onset of sweating was followed often by a stabilization or even a decrease in the level of cutaneous blood flow. The relations of the latter to the local skin temperature were complex, particularly in the forearm. There appeared to be additional unidentified influences, possibly vasomotor, operating on the skin vessels during transitional phases in the relation of skin temperature to blood flow. Submitted on October 15, 1962

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Reflex regulation of sweat rate by skin temperature in exercising humans

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1984.56.5.1283 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 56 (5) ◽

pp. 1283-1288 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

J. M. Johnson ◽

D. S. O'Leary ◽

W. F. Taylor ◽

M. K. Park

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Linear Regression ◽

Skin Temperature ◽

Sweat Rate ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Esophageal Temperature ◽

Reflex Regulation ◽

Forearm Skin

To find whether sweat rate (SR) and forearm skin blood flow ( SkBF ) were reflexly affected by skin temperature (Tsk) we used water-perfused suits to rapidly elevate Tsk during exercise. With this elevation in Tsk, there was a period of little net change in esophageal temperature (Tes) but marked responses in SR and SkBF . During this period a rise in Tsk of 4.2 +/- 0.3 degrees C was associated with an increase in SR of 0.44 +/- 0.09 mg X cm-2 X min-1 and an increase in SkBF of 3.27 +/- 0.42 ml X 100 ml-1 X min-1. Multiple linear regression analysis as well as comparison with control studies in which Tsk was kept cool also reveal a consistent role for Tsk in the reflex regulation of SR and SkBF . Responses in SR and FBF were much more marked at levels of Tsk below 33 degrees C. Below a Tsk of 33 degrees C, SR rose 0.30 +/- 0.06 mg X cm-2 X min-1 per degrees C rise in Tsk, whereas above 33 degrees SR rose only 0.05 +/- 0.01 mg X cm2 X min per degrees C. FBF rose 2.81 +/- 0.60 and 0.77 +/- 0.18 ml X 100 ml-1 X min-1 per degrees C rise in Tsk at the lower and upper ranges of Tsk, respectively.

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Feasibility of using thermal response to Kaband millimeter wave heating to assess skin blood flow

Physiological Measurement ◽

10.1088/1361-6579/aab4d4 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 045001 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

David A Nelson ◽

Silas J Leavesley ◽

Carmen D Zirlott ◽

Xi-Ming Yang ◽

James M Downey

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Millimeter Wave ◽

Skin Blood Flow ◽

Thermal Response ◽

Wave Heating

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Measurement of the cutaneous circulation

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1965.20.4.696 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 696-702 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Harry M. Wright

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Skin Temperature ◽

Circulatory Arrest ◽

Thermal Conductance ◽

Venous Occlusion ◽

Indirect Methods ◽

Blood Content ◽

Heating And Cooling ◽

Flow Through ◽

Cutaneous Circulation

Relationships between four commonly used indirect methods for study of the cutaneous circulation in intact, unanesthetized man were examined. Skin temperature, thermal conductance, volume plethysmography and the light absorption of the skin (as related to hemoglobin content) were simultaneously recorded on the upper extremities of normal young men as blood flow and blood content of the skin were changed by circulatory arrest, venous occlusion, indirect heating and cooling, and changes in position. Skin temperature and thermal conductance changed along parallel courses as blood flow was changed, while finger volume and reflectance of the skin to light of wavelength 550 mμ both changed in expected directions although along different courses, following passive congestion and de-congestion and changes in level of the hand relative to the heart. The advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of each of the methods in the study of cutaneous circulation in man are discussed and compared. measurement of circulation of skin; methods for measurement of cutaneous circulation; blood flow through skin; blood content of skin; skin Submitted on March 12, 1964

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Contactless Monitoring of Microcirculation Reaction on Local Temperature Changes

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app9224947 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (22) ◽

pp. 4947 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Volynsky ◽

Margaryants ◽

Mamontov ◽

Kamshilin

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Skin Temperature ◽

Polarized Light ◽

Thermal Exposure ◽

Thermal Impact ◽

Vasomotor Response ◽

Temperature Changes ◽

Custom Made ◽

Electrocardiogram Ecg ◽

System Operating

Assessment of skin blood flow is an important clinical task which is required to study mechanisms of microcirculation regulation including thermoregulation. Contactless assessment of vasomotor reactivity in response to thermal exposure is currently not available. The aim of this study is to show the applicability of the imaging photoplethysmography (IPPG) method to measure quantitatively the vasomotor response to local thermal exposure. Seventeen healthy subjects aged 23 ± 7 years participated in the study. A warm transparent compress applied to subject’s forehead served as a thermal impact. A custom-made IPPG system operating at green polarized light was used to monitor the subject’s face continuously and simultaneously with skin temperature and electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings. We found that the thermal impact leads to an increase in the amplitude of blood pulsations (BPA) simultaneously with the skin temperature increase. However, a multiple increase in BPA remained after the compress was removed, whereas the skin temperature returned to the baseline. Moreover, the BPA increase and duration of the vasomotor response was associated with the degree of external heating. Therefore, the IPPG method allows us to quantify the parameters of capillary blood flow during local thermal exposure to the skin. This proposed technique of assessing the thermal reactivity of microcirculation can be applied for both clinical use and for biomedical research.

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