scholarly journals Differential Deployment of Sanctioning Mechanisms in Male and Female Host Trees in a Gynodioecious Fig–Wasp Mutualism

2019 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. e01515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek W. Dunn ◽  
Xiao‐Wei Zhang ◽  
Xiao‐Lan Wen ◽  
Bao‐Fa Sun ◽  
Rui‐Wu Wang
Ecology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao‐Wei Zhang ◽  
Derek W. Dunn ◽  
Xiao‐Lan Wen ◽  
Bao‐Fa Sun ◽  
Rui‐Wu Wang

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurmaliana Sari ◽  
Sumarsih Sumarsih ◽  
Busmin Gurning

This study discusses about language use occurred by male and female host in Hitam Putih talk show. The method of this research is descriptive qualitative. The subjects of this study are male and female host in Hitam Putih talk show. The data are the utterances produced by male and female host in Hitam Putih talk show. This research focuses on the show broadcasted on October 2016 by taking 4 videos randomly. The objective of this study is to describe kinds of the language use uttered by male and female host in Hitam Putih talk show. The findings showed that the kinds of language use consist of 6 parts. The dominant language use uttered by male host is expletive, because male’s utterances are frequently stated in a negative connotation. On the other hand, female host utterances are found in specialized vocabulary as the most dominant because female host has more interest in talking family affairs, such as the education of children, clothes, cooking, and fashion, etc. Women also tended to talk about one thing related to the home and domestic activities. However, the representation of language use uttered by male and female are deficit, dominance and different. Keywords: Language Use, Gender, Talk Show


1958 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 374-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. NOYES ◽  
A. WALTON ◽  
C. E. ADAMS

SUMMARY The capacity of rabbit spermatozoa to penetrate the zona pellucida of the ovum has been reported to depend upon pre-conditioning within the reproductive tract of the oestrous female. The present experiments show that spermatozoa can be capacitated in the uteri and uterine tubes of rabbits ovariectomized 1 month previously, in the isolated colon or bladder of male and female host rabbits, and in the anterior chamber of the eye and glandula vesicularis of male hosts. Spermatozoa were partially capacitated when they were confined within the excised uterine horns of a rabbit, and when they were suspended with strips of endometrium in saline solution at room temperature. Capacitation was not obtained when spermatozoa were confined in a cellophane dialysis bag within the intact uterus of an oestrous host, in the excised uterus of a sheep, or when they were suspended in saline with red blood cells or with dead spermatozoa.


1969 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-608
Author(s):  
Luis F. Martorell

The second part of the work is an entomological discussion of the most important forms of the Insecta affecting our trees. Often, the following information is given about each insect species: general distribution of the insect; description of the adults (male and female), eggs, larval, nymphal, pupal and chrysalis stages; habits, natural enemies, applied control and host trees. It would be really very hard to tell which are the most noxious insect pests of the forests, due to the fact that almost all of them are on the same level of importance. Only a few are outstanding as really dangerous pests of economic importance.


1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young C. Lin ◽  
Yasuko Rikihisa ◽  
Hideaki Kono ◽  
Yan Gu

2002 ◽  
Vol 57 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 205-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Bungert ◽  
Rolf Thiel ◽  
Peter Goedings ◽  
Hans Becker

(E,E)-α-Farnesene was extracted as the main component of the volatile fraction of male Viscum album L. Male and female flowers of V. album L. growing on different host trees were analysed by solid phase microextraction and by lipophilic extraction.


2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 581-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan-Qiong Peng ◽  
Da-Rong Yang ◽  
Zhu-Biao Duang

All fig wasps are confined to figs as larvae, and their specialized diets are restricted to fig embryos, galled fig ovaries or other fig wasp larvae (Boucek 1988). Almost all of the ∼800 Ficus species (Moraceae) are involved in species-specific obligate mutualism with a pollinating fig wasp (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae), which also strictly depends on its host fig for reproduction (Berg 2003, Ramirez 1970, Wiebes 1979). More than half of all fig species are functionally dioecious, with male and female functions relegated to separate plants, called gall and seed figs (Kjellberg et al. 1987). Gall figs are functionally male because they foster the pollinator larvae that disperse the fig's pollen as adults. Seed figs are functionally female and produce only seeds. The styles are too long for pollinator ovipositors to reach the ovules, and hence they cannot lay eggs. Gall fig styles are short (Ganeshaiah et al. 1995, Weiblen et al. 1995).


2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurmaliana Sari ◽  
Sumarsih Sumarsih ◽  
Busmin Gurning

This study discusses about language use occurred by male and female host in Hitam Putih talk show. The research is conducted by applying qualitative descriptive design. The subjects of this study are male and female host in Hitam Putih talk show. The data are the utterances produced by male and female host in Hitam Putih talk show. This research focuses on the show broadcasted on October 2016 by taking 4 videos randomly. The objectives of this study are (1) to describe kinds of the language use uttered by male and female host in Hitam Putih talk show, (2) to elucidate language use represented by male and female host in Hitam Putih talk show and (3) to describe reasons of different language use by male and female host in Hitam Putih talk show in the ways they are. Additionally, the data are analyzed by applying theory of Interactive Model. The findings showed that the kinds of language use consist of 6 parts such as specialized vocabulary, expletives, empty adjectives, tag questions, polite form and telling joke or humor. The dominant language use uttered by male host is expletive, because male’s utterances are frequently stated in a negative connotation. There are common expressions generally referring to English expletives such as: bad language, profanity, swearwords, cursing, foul language, etc. On the other hand, female host utterances are found in specialized vocabulary as the most dominant because female host has more interest in talking family affairs, such as the education of children, clothes, cooking, and fashion, etc. Women also tended to talk about one thing related to the home and domestic activities. However, the representation of language use uttered by male and female are deficit, dominance and different. And the reason of this matter because of some factors such as psychology and different social status.Key words: Language use, Gender, Talk show


2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 838-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen G. Compton ◽  
Alexander D. Ball ◽  
Margaret E. Collinson ◽  
Peta Hayes ◽  
Alexandr P. Rasnitsyn ◽  
...  

Fig wasps and fig trees are mutually dependent, with each of the 800 or so species of fig trees ( Ficus , Moraceae) typically pollinated by a single species of fig wasp (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae). Molecular evidence suggests that the relationship existed over 65 Ma, during the Cretaceous. Here, we record the discovery of the oldest known fossil fig wasps, from England, dated at 34 Ma. They possess pollen pockets that contain fossil Ficus pollen. The length of their ovipositors indicates that their host trees had a dioecious breeding system. Confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy reveal that the fossil female fig wasps, and more recent species from Miocene Dominican amber, display the same suite of anatomical characters associated with fig entry and pollen-carrying as modern species. The pollen is also typical of modern Ficus . No innovations in the relationship are discernible for the last tens of millions of years.


1990 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quentin E. Paynter ◽  
Olle Anderbrant ◽  
Fredrik Schlyter

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