scholarly journals Local temporal trajectories explain population‐level responses to climate change in saguaro ( Carnegiea gigantea )

Ecosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Rodríguez‐Buriticá ◽  
Daniel E. Winkler ◽  
Robert H. Webb ◽  
D. Lawrence Venable
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Carnegiea Gigantea

scholarly journals Projecting Climate Change Impacts on Mediterranean Finfish Production: A Case Study in Greece.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orestis Stavrakidis-Zachou ◽  
Konstadia Lika ◽  
Panagiotis Anastasiadis ◽  
Nikos Papandroulakis
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Mediterranean Country ◽  
Farm Level ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Finfish aquaculture in the Mediterranean Sea faces increasing challenges due to climate change while potential adaptation requires a robust assessment of the arising threats and opportunities. This paper presents an approach developed to investigate effects of climate drivers on Greek aquaculture, a representative Mediterranean country with a leading role in the sector. Using a farm level approach, Dynamic Energy Budget models for European seabass and meagre were developed and environmental forcing was used to simulate changes in production and farm profitability under IPCC scenarios RCP45 and RCP85. The effects of temperature and extreme weather events at the individual and farm level were considered along with that of husbandry parameters such as stocking timing, market size, and farm location (inshore, offshore) for nine regions. The simulations suggest that at the individual level fish may benefit from warmer temperatures in the future in terms of growth, thus reaching commercial sizes faster, while the husbandry parameters may have as large an effect on growth as the projected shifts in climatic cues. However, this benefit will be largely offset by the adverse effects of extreme weather events at the population level. Such events will be more frequent in the future and, depending on the intensity one assigns to them, they could cause losses in biomass and farm profits that range from mild to detrimental for the industry. Overall, these results provide quantification of some of the potential threats for an important aquaculture sector while suggesting possibilities to benefit from emerging opportunities. Therefore, they could contribute to improving the sector’s readiness for tackling important challenges in the future.

scholarly journals Climate change enhances disease processes in crustaceans: case studies in lobsters, crabs, and shrimps

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey D Shields
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Multiple Stressors ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Immunological Responses ◽  
Developmental Rates ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Physiological Demands ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Abstract Climate change has resulted in increasing temperature and acidification in marine systems. Rising temperature and acidification act as stressors that negatively affect host barriers to infection, thus enhancing disease processes and influencing the emergence of pathogens in ecologically and commercially important species. Given that crustaceans are ectotherms, changes in temperature dominate their physiological and immunological responses to microbial pathogens and parasites. Because of this, the thermal ranges of several crustacean hosts and their pathogens can be used to project the outcomes of infections. Host factors such as molting, maturation, respiration, and immune function are strongly influenced by temperature, which in turn alter the host’s susceptibility to pathogens, further amplifying morbidity and mortality. Microbial pathogens are also strongly influenced by temperature, arguably more so than their crustacean hosts. Microbial pathogens, with higher thermal optima than their hosts, grow rapidly and overcome host immune defenses, which have been weakened by increased temperatures. Pathogen factors such as metabolic rates, growth rates, virulence factors, and developmental rates are often enhanced by rising temperature, which translates into increased transmission, dispersal, and proliferation at the population level, and ultimately emergence of outbreaks in host populations. Less well known are the effects of acidification and salinity intrusion on host-pathogen processes, but they operate alongside temperature, as multiple stressors, that impose significant metabolic and physiological demands on host homeostasis.

scholarly journals 0398 Climate change threats to occupational health and productivity at population level

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Lines ◽  
Tord Kjellstrom ◽  
Mattias Otto ◽  
Bruno Lemke
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Occupational Health ◽  
Population Level

Vulnerability of megapodes (Megapodiidae, Aves) to climate change and related threats

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAUL M. RADLEY ◽  
ROBERT A. DAVIS ◽  
RENÉ W.R.J. DEKKER ◽  
SHAUN W. MOLLOY ◽  
DAVID BLAKE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Genetic Connectivity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Climate Variables ◽  
Microbial Decomposition ◽  
Anthropogenic Habitat

SUMMARYAspects of species life histories may increase their susceptibility to climate change. Owing to their exclusive reliance on environmental sources of heat for incubation, megapodes may be especially vulnerable. We employed a trait-based vulnerability assessment to weigh their exposure to projected climate variables of increasing temperatures, fluctuating rainfall and sea level rise and their biological sensitivity and capacity to adapt. While all 21 species were predicted to experience at least a 2 °C increase in mean annual temperature, 12 to experience a moderate or greater fluctuation in rainfall and 16 to experience rising seas, the most vulnerable megapodes are intrinsically rare and range restricted. Species that employ microbial decomposition for incubation may have an adaptive advantage over those that do not and may be more resilient to climate change. The moderate microclimate necessary for mound incubation, however, may in some areas be threatened by anthropogenic habitat loss exacerbated by warmer and seasonally drier conditions. As with many avian species, little is known about the capacity of megapodes to adapt to a changing climate. We therefore recommend that future research efforts investigate megapode fecundity, gene flow and genetic connectivity at the population level to better determine their adaptive capacity.

scholarly journals Toward a synthetic understanding of the role of phenology in ecology and evolution

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1555) ◽  
pp. 3101-3112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Forrest ◽  
Abraham J. Miller-Rushing
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Annual Cycles ◽  
Biological Phenomena ◽  
Ecosystem Level ◽  
Modelling Techniques ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Relationship

Phenology affects nearly all aspects of ecology and evolution. Virtually all biological phenomena—from individual physiology to interspecific relationships to global nutrient fluxes—have annual cycles and are influenced by the timing of abiotic events. Recent years have seen a surge of interest in this topic, as an increasing number of studies document phenological responses to climate change. Much recent research has addressed the genetic controls on phenology, modelling techniques and ecosystem-level and evolutionary consequences of phenological change. To date, however, these efforts have tended to proceed independently. Here, we bring together some of these disparate lines of inquiry to clarify vocabulary, facilitate comparisons among habitat types and promote the integration of ideas and methodologies across different disciplines and scales. We discuss the relationship between phenology and life history, the distinction between organismal- and population-level perspectives on phenology and the influence of phenology on evolutionary processes, communities and ecosystems. Future work should focus on linking ecological and physiological aspects of phenology, understanding the demographic effects of phenological change and explicitly accounting for seasonality and phenology in forecasts of ecological and evolutionary responses to climate change.

scholarly journals Future climate change promotes novel gene-climate associations in balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.), a forest tree species

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew V. Gougherty ◽  
Stephen R. Keller ◽  
Vikram E. Chhatre ◽  
Matthew C. Fitzpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Populus Balsamifera ◽  
Balsam Poplar ◽  
Novel Gene ◽  
Vulnerability To Climate Change

ABSTRACTA central challenge to predicting climate change effects on biodiversity is integrating information on intraspecific variation, specifically population-level local adaptation to climate. Assessing how climate change could disrupt local adaptation to climate can provide a new way of understanding population risk and vulnerability to climate change. For the wide-ranging boreal tree species, balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.), we used models of existing population-level genetic differentiation to estimate three key components of population’s vulnerability to climate change: (1) predicted shifts in genetic composition with and without migration, (2) the potential for future novel gene-climate associations, and (3) the distance populations would need to migrate to minimize future maladaptation. When assessed across the range of balsam poplar, these three metrics suggest that vulnerability to climate change is greatest in the eastern portion of balsam poplar’s range, where future maladaptation peaked, migration distances to sites that minimized maladaptation were greatest, and the emergence of novel gene-climate associations were highest. Our results further suggest greater maladaptation to climate when migration distances were limited – consistent with the possibility of migration to lessen maladaptation to future climate. Our work provides a comprehensive evaluation of population’s vulnerability to climate change by simultaneously assessing population maladaptation to future climate and the distances populations would need to migrate to minimize maladaptation, in a way that goes beyond species-level bioclimatic modelling. In doing so, our work helps advance towards the long-held goal of incorporating genomic information in models of species responses to climate change.

scholarly journals Integrating within-species variation in thermal physiology into climate change ecology

2019 ◽  
Vol 374 (1778) ◽  
pp. 20180550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Bennett ◽  
Carlos M. Duarte ◽  
Núria Marbà ◽  
Thomas Wernberg
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Ocean Warming ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Thermal Physiology ◽  
Physiological Diversity

Accurately forecasting the response of global biota to warming is a fundamental challenge for ecology in the Anthropocene. Within-species variation in thermal sensitivity, caused by phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation of thermal limits, is often overlooked in assessments of species responses to warming. Despite this, implicit assumptions of thermal niche conservatism or adaptation and plasticity at the species level permeate the literature with potentially important implications for predictions of warming impacts at the population level. Here we review how these attributes interact with the spatial and temporal context of ocean warming to influence the vulnerability of marine organisms. We identify a broad spectrum of thermal sensitivities among marine organisms, particularly in central and cool-edge populations of species distributions. These are characterized by generally low sensitivity in organisms with conserved thermal niches, to high sensitivity for organisms with locally adapted thermal niches. Important differences in thermal sensitivity among marine taxa suggest that warming could adversely affect benthic primary producers sooner than less vulnerable higher trophic groups. Embracing the spatial, temporal and biological context of within-species variation in thermal physiology helps explain observed impacts of ocean warming and can improve forecasts of climate change vulnerability in marine systems. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Physiological diversity, biodiversity patterns and global climate change: testing key hypotheses involving temperature and oxygen’.

Predicting differential effects of climate change at the population level with life-cycle models of spring Chinook salmon

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
LISA G. CROZIER ◽  
RICHARD W. ZABEL ◽  
ALAN F. HAMLET
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Life Cycle Models

Shifted phenology in the pine processionary moth affects the outcome of tree–insect interaction

2019 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rocha ◽  
M.C. Caldeira ◽  
C. Burban ◽  
C. Kerdelhué ◽  
M. Branco
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Thaumetopoea Pityocampa ◽  
Pine Processionary Moth ◽  
Adaptation Mechanisms ◽  
Hydric Stress ◽  
Tree Stress

AbstractIn the Mediterranean and temperate regions, an increase in the frequency and intensity of drought events has been recorded, probably due to climate change. In consequence, trees will more frequently experience hydric stress, a condition that can be expected to affect insect–tree interactions, while adaptation mechanisms may be further in course. The effect of tree water stress on the performance of two allochronic populations of Thaumetopoea pityocampa was here studied. Namely, we compared a unique population of this insect, in which the larvae develop in the summer (SP), with the typical population having winter larval development (WP), to test the adaptation hypothesis to host plant status. Larvae of each population were fed on needles of young potted Pinus pinaster plants under two water supply regimes: (i) well-watered (control) and (ii) subjected to 3 months of drought stress. Compared to control, stressed plants had higher amounts of soluble sugars, phenols, and higher C/N ratio, whereas water content and chlorophylls concentrations were lower. In general, T. pityocampa larvae had lower performances on water-stressed plants, as shown by lower survival rates, lower needle consumption, and longer development times. Yet, the detrimental effects of tree stress were only significant for the WP larvae, while SP larvae were able to overcome such conditions. Results demonstrate that tree water stress can negatively affect T. pityocampa populations. Furthermore, the evidence is also provided that responses to the physiological condition of the host trees may occur at the population level, as a result of adaptation mechanisms driven by climate change.

scholarly journals Population-level genetic variation and climate change in a biodiversity hotspot

2017 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina A. Schierenbeck
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Biodiversity Hotspot
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