Toward high‐efficiency stable 2D/3D perovskite solar cells by incorporating multifunctional CNT:TiO 2 additives into 3D perovskite layer

AbstractDeposition of perovskite films by antisolvent engineering is a highly common method employed in perovskite photovoltaics research. Herein, we report on a general method that allows for the fabrication of highly efficient perovskite solar cells by any antisolvent via manipulation of the antisolvent application rate. Through detailed structural, compositional, and microstructural characterization of perovskite layers fabricated by 14 different antisolvents, we identify two key factors that influence the quality of the perovskite layer: the solubility of the organic precursors in the antisolvent and its miscibility with the host solvent(s) of the perovskite precursor solution, which combine to produce rate-dependent behavior during the antisolvent application step. Leveraging this, we produce devices with power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) that exceed 21% using a wide range of antisolvents. Moreover, we demonstrate that employing the optimal antisolvent application procedure allows for highly efficient solar cells to be fabricated from a broad range of precursor stoichiometries.

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Effect of SnO2 Colloidal Dispersion Solution Concentration on the Quality of Perovskite Layer of Solar Cells

Coatings ◽

10.3390/coatings11050591 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 591

Author(s):

Keke Song ◽

Xiaoping Zou ◽

Huiyin Zhang ◽

Chunqian Zhang ◽

Jin Cheng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solar Cells ◽

Low Temperature ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Surface Condition ◽

Perovskite Solar Cells ◽

Colloidal Dispersion ◽

Transport Layer ◽

Electron Transport Layer ◽

Perovskite Layer ◽

Dispersion Solution

The electron transport layer (ETL) is critical to carrier extraction for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Moreover, the morphology and surface condition of the ETL could influence the topography of the perovskite layer. ZnO, TiO2, and SnO2 were widely investigated as ETL materials. However, TiO2 requires a sintering process under high temperature and ZnO has the trouble of chemical instability. SnO2 possesses the advantages of low-temperature fabrication and high conductivity, which is critical to the performance of PSCs prepared under low temperature. Here, we optimized the morphology and property of SnO2 by modulating the concentration of a SnO2 colloidal dispersion solution. When adjusting the concentration of SnO2 colloidal dispersion solution to 5 wt.% (in water), SnO2 film indicated better performance and the perovskite film has a large grain size and smooth surface. Based on high efficiency (16.82%), the device keeps a low hysteresis index (0.23).

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Potential of ZnO/ZnS as electron transport materials on Perovskite Solar Cells

Journal of Aceh Physics Society ◽

10.24815/jacps.v10i2.18383 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 41-47

Author(s):

Ilham Yurestira ◽

Arie Purnomo Aji ◽

Muhammad Feri Desfri ◽

Ari Sulistyo Rini ◽

Yolanda Rati

Keyword(s):

Solar Cells ◽

Solar Cell ◽

Electron Transport ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Perovskite Solar Cells ◽

Perovskite Solar Cell ◽

Current Status ◽

Scientific Publications ◽

Perovskite Layer ◽

Short Period

Abstrak. Sel surya berbasis perovskite merupakan sel fotovoltaik generasi terakhir yang mampu memanfaatkan energi surya dengan efisiensi tinggi dan dapat difabrikasi melalui proses yang sederhana dan murah. Sejak diperkenalkannya perovskite solar cell (PSC), efisiensi konversi dayanya telah mencapai efisiensi di atas 23% dalam waktu yang relatif singkat diiringi dengan peningkatan publikasi ilmiah di bidang ini. Penggunaan semikonduktor ZnO sebagai Electron Transport Material (ETM) yang merupakan salah satu bagian utama dalam PSC mulai dilirik akibat proses pembuatan yang lebih sederhana dibandingkan TiO2. Seng oksida (ZnO) masih memiliki kelemahan yang dapat diatasi dengan penambahan ZnS untuk mengurangi rekombinasi pembawa muatan dari lapisan perovskite ke ETM. Tujuan dari artikel ini adalah untuk menyajikan tinjauan singkat tentang status terkini mengenai komposit ZnO/ZnS sebagai elektron transport material pada sel surya perovskit. Ulasan ini juga membahas peran penambahan ZnS dalam memperbaiki morfologi dalam ukuran nano dan sifat optik material sekaligus meningkatkan kinerja PSC beserta penjelasan mengenai mekanisme dasar operasi piranti untuk memberikan pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang sifat dari ZnO/ZnS sebagai ETM pada sel surya perovskit. Abstract. Perovskite-based solar cells are the latest generation of photovoltaic cells capable of utilizing solar energy at high efficiency and can be fabricated through a simple and inexpensive process. Since the introduction of the perovskite solar cell (PSC), its power conversion efficiency has reached efficiencies above 23% in a relatively short period of time accompanied by an increase in scientific publications in this field. The use of ZnO semiconductors as Electron Transport Material (ETM), which is one of the main parts of PSC, has begun to be noticed due to the simpler manufacturing process compared to TiO2. Zinc oxide (ZnO) still has a weakness which can be overcome by adding ZnS to reduce the recombination of the charge carriers from the perovskite layer to the ETM. The aim of this article is to present a brief overview of the current status of ZnO/ZnS composites as an electron transport material in perovskite solar cells. This review also discusses the role of addition of ZnS in improving morphology in nanosize and optical properties of materials as well as improving PSC performance along with an explanation of the basic mechanism of device operation to provide a better understanding of the properties of ZnO/ZnS as ETM in perovskite solar cells. Keywords: Perovskite solar cell, Composite, ZnO, ZnS dan Electron Transport Material.

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Reveal the large open-circuit voltage deficit of all-inorganic CsPbIBr2 perovskite solar cells

Chinese Physics B ◽

10.1088/1674-1056/ac464b ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ying Hu ◽

Jiaping Wang ◽

Peng Zhao ◽

Zhenhua Lin ◽

Siyu Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solar Cells ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Open Circuit Voltage ◽

Perovskite Solar Cells ◽

Open Circuit ◽

Transport Layer ◽

Electron Transport Layer ◽

Perovskite Layer ◽

Excellent Thermal Stability ◽

Voltage Loss

Abstract Due to excellent thermal stability and optoelectronic properties, all-inorganic perovskite is one of the promising candidates to solve the thermal decomposition problem of conventional organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs), but the larger voltage loss (V loss) cannot be ignored, especially CsPbIBr2, which limits the improvement of efficiency. To reduce the V loss, one promising solution is the modification of the energy level alignment between perovskite layer and adjacent charge transport layer (CTL), which can facilitate charge extraction and reduce carrier recombination rate at perovskite/CTL interface. Therefore, the key issues of minimum V loss and high efficiency of CsPbIBr2-based PSCs were studied in terms of the perovskite layer thickness, the effects of band offset of CTL/perovskite layer, the doping concentration of the CTL, and the electrode work function in this study based on device simulations. The open-circuit voltage (V oc) is increased from 1.37 V to 1.52 V by replacing SnO2 with ZnO as electron transport layer (ETL) due to more matching conduction band with CsPbIBr2 layer.

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Recent progress in perovskite solar cells: the perovskite layer

Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology ◽

10.3762/bjnano.11.5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

pp. 51-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Xianfeng Dai ◽

Ke Xu ◽

Fanan Wei

Keyword(s):

Solar Cells ◽

High Speed ◽

Large Scale ◽

Recent Progress ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Low Cost ◽

Perovskite Solar Cells ◽

Perovskite Layer ◽

Low Dimensional

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are set to be game changing components in next-generation photovoltaic technology due to their high efficiency and low cost. In this article, recent progress in the development of perovskite layers, which are the basis of PSCs, is reviewed. Achievements in the fabrication of high-quality perovskite films by various methods and techniques are introduced. The reported works demonstrate that the power conversion efficiency of the perovskite layers depends largely on their morphology and the crystalline quality. Furthermore, recent achievements concerning the scalability of perovskite films are presented. These developments aim at manufacturing large-scale perovskite solar modules at high speed. Moreover, it is shown that the development of low-dimensional perovskites plays an important role in improving the long-term ambient stability of PSCs. Finally, these latest advancements can enhance the competitiveness of PSCs in photovoltaics, paving the way for their commercialization. In the closing section of this review, some future critical challenges are outlined, and the prospect of commercialization of PSCs is presented.

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Inducing swift nucleation morphology control for efficient planar perovskite solar cells by hot-air quenching

Journal of Materials Chemistry A ◽

10.1039/c6ta09020f ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (8) ◽

pp. 3812-3818 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Seulki Song ◽

Maximilian T. Hörantner ◽

Kyoungwon Choi ◽

Henry J. Snaith ◽

Taiho Park

Keyword(s):

Solar Cells ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Perovskite Solar Cells ◽

Morphology Control ◽

Maximum Power ◽

Maximum Power Point ◽

Perovskite Layer ◽

Nucleation Stage ◽

Hot Air ◽

Power Point

We introduce a pin-hole free CH3NH3PbI3−xClx perovskite layer by using heated airflow during the nucleation stage. We control the nucleation stage which gives a pin-hole free planar perovskite with large grains, resulting in a maximum power point (MPP) efficiency of 14.3% and a high efficiency of 19.0% with reproducibility.

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Reducing Defects in Organic-Lead Halide Perovskite Film by Delayed Thermal Annealing Combined with KI/I2 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano11061607 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 1607

Author(s):

Kun-Mu Lee ◽

Shun-Hsiang Chan ◽

Wei-Hao Chiu ◽

Seoungjun Ahn ◽

Chang-Chieh Ting ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solar Cells ◽

Thermal Annealing ◽

Conversion Efficiency ◽

Annealing Time ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Perovskite Solar Cells ◽

Photoelectric Conversion Efficiency ◽

Photoelectric Conversion ◽

Perovskite Layer ◽

Organic Lead

This study improved quality of CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) perovskite films by delaying thermal annealing in the spin coating process and introducing KI and I2 to prepare MAPbI3 films that were low in defects for high-efficiency perovskite solar cells. The influences of delayed thermal annealing time after coating the MAPbI3 perovskite layer on the crystallized perovskite, the morphology control of MAPbI3 films, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells were investigated. The optimal delayed thermal annealing time was found to be 60 min at room temperature. The effect of KI/I2 additives on the growth of MAPbI3 films and the corresponding optimal delayed thermal annealing time were further investigated. The addition of KI/I2 can improve perovskite crystallinity, and the conductivity and carrier mobility of MAPbI3 films. Under optimized conditions, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of MAPbI3 perovskite solar cells can reach 19.36% under standard AM1.5G solar illumination of 100 mW/cm2.

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Interpenetrating interfaces for efficient perovskite solar cells with high operational stability and mechanical robustness

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-021-21292-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Qingshun Dong ◽

Chao Zhu ◽

Min Chen ◽

Chen Jiang ◽

Jingya Guo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solar Cells ◽

Tin Dioxide ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Performance Enhancement ◽

Low Cost ◽

Perovskite Solar Cells ◽

Operational Stability ◽

Perovskite Layer ◽

Mechanical Bending ◽

And Performance

AbstractThe perovskite solar cell has emerged rapidly in the field of photovoltaics as it combines the merits of low cost, high efficiency, and excellent mechanical flexibility for versatile applications. However, there are significant concerns regarding its operational stability and mechanical robustness. Most of the previously reported approaches to address these concerns entail separate engineering of perovskite and charge-transporting layers. Herein we present a holistic design of perovskite and charge-transporting layers by synthesizing an interpenetrating perovskite/electron-transporting-layer interface. This interface is reaction-formed between a tin dioxide layer containing excess organic halide and a perovskite layer containing excess lead halide. Perovskite solar cells with such interfaces deliver efficiencies up to 22.2% and 20.1% for rigid and flexible versions, respectively. Long-term (1000 h) operational stability is demonstrated and the flexible devices show high endurance against mechanical-bending (2500 cycles) fatigue. Mechanistic insights into the relationship between the interpenetrating interface structure and performance enhancement are provided based on comprehensive, advanced, microscopic characterizations. This study highlights interface integrity as an important factor for designing efficient, operationally-stable, and mechanically-robust solar cells.

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Facile Solution Spin-Coating SnO2 Thin Film Covering Cracks of TiO2 Hole Blocking Layer for Perovskite Solar Cells

Coatings ◽

10.3390/coatings8090314 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 314 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Haiyan Ren ◽

Xiaoping Zou ◽

Jin Cheng ◽

Tao Ling ◽

Xiao Bai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thin Film ◽

Solar Cells ◽

Spin Coating ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Carbon Film ◽

Perovskite Solar Cells ◽

Sno2 Thin Film ◽

Blocking Layer ◽

Perovskite Layer ◽

Hole Blocking Layer

The hole blocking layer plays an important role in suppressing recombination of holes and electrons between the perovskite layer and fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO). Morphological defects, such as cracks, at the compact TiO2 hole blocking layer due to rough FTO surface seriously affect performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, we employ a simple spin-coating SnO2 thin film solution to cover cracks of TiO2 hole blocking layer for PSCs. The experiment results indicate that the TiO2/SnO2 complementary composite hole blocking layer could eliminate the serious electrical current leakage existing inside the device, extremely reducing interface defects and hysteresis. Furthermore, a high efficiency of 13.52% was achieved for the device, which is the highest efficiency ever recorded in PSCs with spongy carbon film deposited on a separated FTO-substrate as composite counter electrode under one sun illumination.

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In situ growth of perovskite stacking layers for high-efficiency carbon-based hole conductor free perovskite solar cells

Journal of Materials Chemistry A ◽

10.1039/c9ta02772f ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (22) ◽

pp. 13777-13786 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Jianhua Liu ◽

Qisen Zhou ◽

Nan Kyi Thein ◽

Lei Tian ◽

Donglin Jia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solar Cells ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Perovskite Solar Cells ◽

Interfacial Properties ◽

Carbon Electrode ◽

In Situ Growth ◽

Perovskite Layer ◽

Electrode Interface ◽

Stacking Structure

An additional perovskite stacking layer is in situ grown on the top of a perovskite layer forming a perovskite stacking structure to improve the interfacial properties at the perovskite/carbon electrode interface.

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