A culturally targeted video to promote genetic counseling in a community sample of at‐risk US Latina women: The role of the concrete mindset

Empathy theoretically serves an affiliative interpersonal function by satisfying motives for intimacy and union with others. Accordingly, empathy is expected to vary depending on the situation. Inconsistent empirical support for empathy’s affiliative role may be due to methodology focused on individual differences in empathy or differences between controlled experimental conditions, which fail to capture its dynamic and interpersonal nature. To address these shortcomings, we used ecological momentary assessment to establish typical patterns of empathy across everyday interactions. Associations among empathy, affect, and interpersonal behavior of self and interaction partner were examined in a student sample (N=330), then replicated in a pre-registered community sample (N=279). Multi-level structural equation modeling was used to distinguish individual differences in empathy from interaction-level effects. Results show people are more empathetic during positively-valanced interactions with others perceived as warm and when expressing warmth. By confirming the typically affiliative role of empathy, existing research to the contrary can be best understood as exceptions to the norm.

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DNA damage repair gene mutation testing and genetic counseling in men with/without prostate cancer: a systematic review

Future Oncology ◽

10.2217/fon-2020-0569 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Nigel Armstrong ◽

Ruben GW Quek ◽

Steve Ryder ◽

Janine Ross ◽

Titas Buksnys ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Systematic Review ◽

At Risk ◽

Dna Damage ◽

Clinical Trials ◽

Genetic Counseling ◽

Mutation Screening ◽

Dna Damage Repair ◽

Mutation Testing ◽

Damage Repair

Background: Ongoing clinical trials are investigating poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors to target the DNA damage repair (DDR) pathway in prostate cancer. DDR mutation screening will guide treatment strategy and assess eligibility for clinical trials. Materials & methods: This systematic review estimated the rate of DDR mutation testing or genetic counseling among men with or at risk of prostate cancer. Results: From 6856 records, one study fulfilled the inclusion criteria and described men undiagnosed with prostate cancer with a family history of BRCA1/2 mutation who received DDR mutation testing. Conclusion: With only one study included in this first systematic review of DDR mutation testing or genetic counseling in men with or at risk of prostate cancer, more research is warranted.

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The role of explanatory models of breast cancer in breast cancer prevention behaviors among Arab-Israeli physicians and laywomen

Primary Health Care Research & Development ◽

10.1017/s1463423620000237 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 ◽

Author(s):

Michal Soffer ◽

Miri Cohen ◽

Faisal Azaiza

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Community Sample ◽

Explanatory Models ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Cultural Perceptions ◽

Arab Population ◽

Barriers To Screening ◽

The North ◽

Health And Illness

Abstract Background: ‘Explanatory Models’ (EMs) are frameworks through which individuals and groups understand diseases, are influenced by cultural and religious perceptions of health and illness, and influence both physicians and patients’ behaviors. Aims: To examine the role of EMs of illness (cancer-related perceptions) in physicians’ and laywomen’s behaviors (decision to recommend undergoing regular mammography, adhering to mammography) in the context of a traditional-religious society, that is, the Arab society in Israel. Methods: Two combined samples were drawn: a representative sample of 146 Arab physicians who serve the Arab population and a sample composed of 290 Arab women, aged 50–70 years, representative of the main Arab groups residing in the north and center of Israel (Muslims, Christians) were each randomly sampled (cluster sampling). All respondents completed a closed-ended questionnaire. Results: Women held more cultural cancer-related beliefs and fatalistic beliefs than physicians. Physicians attributed more access barriers to screening as well as fear of radiation to women patients and lower social barriers to screening, compared with the women’s community sample. Higher fatalistic beliefs among women hindered the probability of adherence to mammography; physicians with higher fatalistic beliefs were less likely to recommend mammography. Conclusions: The role of cultural perceptions needs to be particularly emphasized. In addition to understanding the patients’ perceptions of illness, physicians must also reflect on the social, cultural, and psychological factors that shape their decision to recommend undergoing regular mammography.

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The role of psychosocial factors in Black women's self‐efficacy in receiving genetic counseling and testing

Journal of Genetic Counseling ◽

10.1002/jgc4.1439 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Huanghe Ding ◽

Arnethea L. Sutton ◽

Alejandra Hurtado‐de‐Mendoza ◽

Vanessa B. Sheppard

Keyword(s):

Genetic Counseling ◽

Psychosocial Factors ◽

Self Efficacy ◽

Counseling And Testing

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Benefits of EPAs at risk? The influence of the workplace environment on the uptake of EPAs in EPA-based curricula

Perspectives on Medical Education ◽

10.1007/s40037-021-00658-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Karsten Arthur van Loon ◽

Linda Helena Anna Bonnie ◽

Nynke van Dijk ◽

Fedde Scheele

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Postgraduate Medical Education ◽

Training Programme ◽

Workplace Environment ◽

Medical Specialists ◽

Professional Activities ◽

National Training ◽

Local Medical Care

Abstract Introduction Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) have been applied differently in many postgraduate medical education (PGME) programmes, but the reasons for and the consequences of this variation are not well known. Our objective was to investigate how the uptake of EPAs is influenced by the workplace environment and to what extent the benefits of working with EPAs are at risk when the uptake of EPAs is influenced. This knowledge can be used by curriculum developers who intend to apply EPAs in their curricula. Method For this qualitative study, we selected four PGME programmes: General Practice, Clinical Geriatrics, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, and Radiology & Nuclear Medicine. A document analysis was performed on the national training plans, supported by the AMEE Guide for developing EPA-based curricula and relevant EPA-based literature. Interviews were undertaken with medical specialists who had specific involvement in the development of the curricula. Content analysis was employed and illuminated the possible reasons for variation in the uptake of EPAs. Results An important part of the variation in the uptake of EPAs can be explained by environmental factors, such as patient population, the role of the physician in the health-care system, and the setup of local medical care institutions where the training programme takes place. The variation in uptake of EPAs is specifically reflected in the number and breadth of the EPAs, and in the way the entrustment decision is executed within the PGME programme. Discussion Due to variation in uptake of EPAs, the opportunities for trainees to work independently during the training programme might be challenging. EPAs can be implemented in the curriculum of PGME programmes in a meaningful way, but only if the quality of an EPA is assessed, future users are involved in the development, and the key feature of EPAs (the entrustment decision) is retained.

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Racial Discrimination Predicts Mental Health Outcomes Beyond the Role of Personality Traits in a Community Sample of African Americans

Clinical Psychological Science ◽

10.1177/2167702620957318 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 216770262095731

Author(s):

Yara Mekawi ◽

Courtland S. Hyatt ◽

Jessica Maples-Keller ◽

Sierra Carter ◽

Vasiliki Michopoulos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

African Americans ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Personality Traits ◽

Posttraumatic Stress ◽

Racial Discrimination ◽

Community Sample ◽

Mental Health Outcomes ◽

Hierarchical Regression

Despite a consistent body of work documenting associations between racial discrimination and negative mental health outcomes, the utility and validity of these findings have recently been questioned because some authors have posited that personality traits may account for these associations. To test this hypothesis in a community sample of African Americans ( n = 419, age: M = 43.96 years), we used bivariate relations and hierarchical regression analyses to determine whether racial discrimination accounted for additional variance in depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress symptoms beyond the role of personality. Bivariate relations between personality traits and racial discrimination were small and positive (i.e., rs ≈ .10). Regression results demonstrated that racial discrimination accounted for variance in depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress independent of personality traits ( ps < .01). These results suggest that personality traits do not fully explain associations between racial discrimination and negative mental health outcomes, further supporting the detrimental impact of racial discrimination on the mental health of African Americans.

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