Homogenization of long-term monthly Spanish temperature data

Mean monthly temperatures for the Northern Hemisphere were determined for the years 1955 through 1968 following the same procedures used by H. C. Willett and J. M. Mitchell, Jr., in their studies of long-term trends. It was found that the downward trend they reported starting in the 1940s continued, though interrupted, into the 1960s.The temperature data when combined with radiation data and other components of the hemispheric energy budget led to the formulation of the response ratio, the relationship between change in incoming solar radiation and change in temperature. When this response ratio was applied to the reported trends in direct solar radiation and to the decrease in direct solar radiation following the eruption of Agung in 1963, a probable cause-effect relationship was suggested.

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Technical Note: On the intercalibration of HIRS channel 12 brightness temperatures following the transition from HIRS 2 to HIRS 3/4 for ice saturation studies

10.5194/amt-2016-289 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Klaus Gierens ◽

Kostas Eleftheratos

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Technical Note ◽

Temperature Data ◽

Distribution Functions ◽

Cumulative Distribution ◽

Central Wavelength ◽

Upper Troposphere ◽

Cumulative Distribution Functions ◽

Brightness Temperatures

Abstract. In the present study we explore the capability of the intercalibrated HIRS brightness temperature data at channel 12 (the HIRS water vapour channel; T12) to reproduce ice supersaturation in the upper troposphere during the period 1979–2014. Focus is given on the transition from the HIRS 2 to the HIRS 3 instrument in the year 1999, which involved a shift of the central wavelength in channel 12 from 6.7 µm to 6.5 µm. It is shown that this shift produced a discontinuity in the time series of low T12 values ( 70 %) in the year 1999 which prevented us from maintaining a continuous, long term time series of ice saturation throughout the whole record (1979–2014). We present that additional corrections are required to the low T12 values in order to bring HIRS 3 levels down to HIRS 2 levels. The new corrections are based on the cumulative distribution functions of T12 from NOAA 14 and 15 satellites (that is, when the transition from HIRS 2 to HIRS 3 occurred). By applying these corrections to the low T12 values we show that the discontinuity in the time series caused by the transition of HIRS 2 to HIRS 3 is not apparent anymore when it comes to calculate extreme UTHi cases. We come up with a new time series for values found at the low tail of the T12 distribution, which can be further exploited for analyses of ice saturation and supersaturation cases. The validity of the new method with respect to typical intercalibration methods such as regression-based methods is presented and discussed.

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The IODP Expedition 332 : Eyes on the Prism, The NanTroSEIZE Observatories

Scientific Drilling ◽

10.5194/sd-14-34-2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

pp. 34-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

S. T. Toczko ◽

A. J. Kopf ◽

E. Araki ◽

Keyword(s):

Nankai Trough ◽

Temperature Data ◽

Seismogenic Zone ◽

Plate Boundaries ◽

Transient Pressure ◽

Ocean Drilling Program ◽

Ocean Drilling ◽

Integrated Ocean Drilling Program ◽

Drilling Project

The Nankai Trough Seismogenic Zone Experiment (NanTroSEIZE) is a major long-term drilling project designed to investigate the seismogenic behavior of subduction zone plate boundaries. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 332 deployed a long-term borehole monitoring system (LTBMS), an advanced Circulation Obviation Retrofit Kit (CORK)-type observatory. The recovery of pressure and temperature data from a temporary observatory (SmartPlug) deployed during IODP Expedition 319 helped prove the SmartPlug concept. The permanent LTBMS was deployed n the upper 1000 m of Site C0002, while the SmartPlug was recovered from Site C0010 and replaced with a more capable "GeniusPlug", incorporating an extension with a geochem-ical sampler and biological experiment to the original SmartPlug design. SmartPlug pressure and temperature data showed signs of transient pressure events. <br><br> doi:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2204/iodp.sd.14.04.2012" target="_blank">10.2204/iodp.sd.14.04.2012</a>

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Assessment of Long Term Thermal Stress on Egyptian Coral Reefs Based on Remotely Sensed Sea Surface Temperature Data

International Journal of Environmental Science and Development ◽

10.7763/ijesd.2015.v6.726 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (12) ◽

pp. 938-946 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ahmed Eladawy ◽

◽

Kazuo Nadaoka ◽

Abdelazim Negm ◽

Oliver C. Saavedra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thermal Stress ◽

Coral Reefs ◽

Surface Temperature ◽

Sea Surface Temperature ◽

Remotely Sensed ◽

Temperature Data ◽

Sea Surface ◽

Surface Temperature Data

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Technical note: On the intercalibration of HIRS channel 12 brightness temperatures following the transition from HIRS 2 to HIRS 3/4 for ice saturation studies

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques ◽

10.5194/amt-10-681-2017 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 681-693 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Klaus Gierens ◽

Kostas Eleftheratos

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Technical Note ◽

Temperature Data ◽

Distribution Functions ◽

Cumulative Distribution ◽

Central Wavelength ◽

Upper Troposphere ◽

Brightness Temperatures ◽

Upper Tropospheric Humidity

Abstract. In the present study we explore the capability of the intercalibrated HIRS brightness temperature data at channel 12 (the HIRS water vapour channel; T12) to reproduce ice supersaturation in the upper troposphere during the period 1979–2014. Focus is given on the transition from the HIRS 2 to the HIRS 3 instrument in the year 1999, which involved a shift of the central wavelength in channel 12 from 6.7 to 6.5 µm. It is shown that this shift produced a discontinuity in the time series of low T12 values ( < 235 K) and associated cases of high upper-tropospheric humidity with respect to ice (UTHi  > 70 %) in the year 1999 which prevented us from maintaining a continuous, long-term time series of ice saturation throughout the whole record (1979–2014). We show that additional corrections are required to the low T12 values in order to bring HIRS 3 levels down to HIRS 2 levels. The new corrections are based on the cumulative distribution functions of T12 from NOAA 14 and 15 satellites (that is, when the transition from HIRS 2 to HIRS 3 occurred). By applying these corrections to the low T12 values we show that the discontinuity in the time series caused by the transition of HIRS 2 to HIRS 3 is not apparent anymore when it comes to calculating extreme UTHi cases. We come up with a new time series for values found at the low tail of the T12 distribution, which can be further exploited for analyses of ice saturation and supersaturation cases. The validity of the new method with respect to typical intercalibration methods such as regression-based methods is presented and discussed.

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Development of Device for Detecting Helium Leak From Canister: Part 1 — Experiment on Temperature Behavior During Gas Leak From Canister of 1/4.5 Scale Cask Model

Volume 6A: Thermal-Hydraulics and Safety Analyses ◽

10.1115/icone26-81477 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Hirofumi Takeda ◽

Masanori Goto

Keyword(s):

Performance Monitoring ◽

Temperature Data ◽

Detection Methods ◽

Helium Pressure ◽

Leak Detector ◽

Long Term Storage ◽

Sealing Performance ◽

Gas Leak ◽

Term Storage

A concrete cask has an advantage in cost and period of manufacturing compared with a metal cask. In the metal cask, monitoring of helium pressure between a primary lid and a secondary lid of the cask is required by regulation. On the other hand, in the concrete cask, the lids of a canister are welded and have high sealing performance, so that the monitoring of helium leak from the canister is not required. However, a loss of the sealing performance of the secondary lid, which is caused by stress corrosion cracking (SCC), is concerned in the case of long-term storage by the concrete cask. In the view of this situation, it would be useful to install a helium leak detector in the concrete cask in order to improve the safety of the long-term storage. Thus, we have been developing the detector. The phenomenon that the temperature at the bottom of the canister (TB) increases and the temperature at the top of the canister (TT) decreases during the helium leak from the canister has been confirmed by the experiments in the previous study. We have proposed the performance monitoring by monitoring the temperature difference ΔTBT (= TB-TT) instead of pressure monitoring. This time, to make the installation and maintenance of the helium leak detector easier in consideration of practical use, we proposed a new detection technique using only the temperature of either the lid or the bottom of the canister. We performed leak tests by using a 1/4.5 scale cask model based on a similarity law of thermal hydraulics. In the experiments, air was used for an inner gas of a canister of the model, and a heat flux of a canister surface had the same value as that of the actual canister surface. In this model, Ra* number can be made to coincide with that of the actual canister. Besides, Gr* number and Bo* number are almost equal to those of the actual canister. Temperature data at respective canister parts were obtained under condition of canister internal pressure from 6 atm to 1 atm (atmosphere pressure). Also, the new and old leak detection methods were evaluated by using the obtained temperature data.

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