A Climatic Model of Solar Radiation and Temperature Change

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clayton H. Reitan
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Direct Solar Radiation ◽  
Response Ratio ◽  
Radiation Data ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Relationship

Mean monthly temperatures for the Northern Hemisphere were determined for the years 1955 through 1968 following the same procedures used by H. C. Willett and J. M. Mitchell, Jr., in their studies of long-term trends. It was found that the downward trend they reported starting in the 1940s continued, though interrupted, into the 1960s.The temperature data when combined with radiation data and other components of the hemispheric energy budget led to the formulation of the response ratio, the relationship between change in incoming solar radiation and change in temperature. When this response ratio was applied to the reported trends in direct solar radiation and to the decrease in direct solar radiation following the eruption of Agung in 1963, a probable cause-effect relationship was suggested.

scholarly journals The role of L/W in the solar radiation for Saharian cities

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
pp. 05006
Author(s):  
Rami Qaoud ◽  
Alkama Djamal
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Direct Solar Radiation ◽  
Test Field ◽  
Natural Lighting ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The urban fabric of the desert cities is based on the principle of reducing the impact of urban canyons on direct solar radiation. Here comes this research, which is based on a comparative study of the periods of direct solarisation and values of the solar energy of urban canyons via two urban fabrics that have different building densities, where the ratio between L/W is different. In order to obtain the real values of the solar energy (thermal, lighting), the test field was examined every two hours, each three consecutive days. The measurement stations are positioned by the three types of the relationship between L/W, (L≥2w, L=w, L≤0.5w). According to the results, we noticed and recorded the difference in the periods of direct solarization between the types of urban engineering canyons, reaching 6 hours a day, the difference in thermal values of air, reaching 4 °C, and the difference in periods of direct natural lighting, reaching 6 hours. It should be noted that the role of the relationship between L/W is to protect the urban canyons by reducing the impact of direct solar radiation on urban canyons, providing longer hours of shading, and reducing solar energy levels (thermal, lighting) at the urban canyons. This research is classified under the research axis (the studies of external spaces in the urban environment according to the bioclimatic approach and geographic approach). But this research aims to focus on the tracking and studying the distribution of the solar radiation - thermal radiation and lighting radiation - in different types of street canyons by comparing the study of the direct solarization periods of each type and the quantity of solar energy collected during the solarization periods.

Long Term Trends in Mass Support for European Unification

1977 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Inglehart
Keyword(s):  
Active Role ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Integration ◽  
Political Skills ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Silent Revolution ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Western Politics ◽  
Political Decisions

BENEATH THE ACTIVISM OF THE 1960s AND THE SEEMING QUIESCENCE of the 1970s a silent revolution has been occurring which is changing the infrastructure of Western politics in two ways: first, the values of Western publics have been shifting from an almost exclusive emphasis on material and physical security toward greater concern with intangible aspects of life; and secondly, there has been an increase in the political skills of Western publics that enables them to play a more active role in making important political decisions. Both processes tend to broaden the political horizons of these people and have important implications for supranational political integration.

scholarly journals A Modified Method to Generate Typical Meteorological Years from the Long-Term Weather Database

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haixiang Zang ◽  
Qingshan Xu ◽  
Pengwei Du ◽  
Katsuhiro Ichiyanagi
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Global Solar Radiation ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Radiation Data ◽  
Modified Method

A modified typical meteorological year (TMY) method is proposed for generating TMY from practical measured weather data. A total of eleven weather indices and novel assigned weighting factors are applied in the processing of forming the TMY database. TMYs of 35 cities in China are generated based on the latest and accurate measured weather data (dry bulb temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity, atmospheric pressure, and daily global solar radiation) in the period of 1994–2010. The TMY data and typical solar radiation data are also investigated and analyzed in this paper, which are important in the utilizations of solar energy systems.

scholarly journals Long-term trends in solar radiation and the associated climatic factors over China for 1961-2000

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 2425-2432 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Liang ◽  
X. A. Xia
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Sunshine Duration ◽  
Cloud Amount ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Abrupt Decrease ◽  
Radiative Processes ◽  
Aerosol Loading ◽  
Long Term Trends

Abstract. Long-term trends in downwelling solar irradiance and associated climatic factors over China are studied in the paper. Decreasing trends in global and direct radiation are observed over much of China. The largest decrease occurs in South and East China (east of about 100° E and south of about 40° N). The spatial pattern of observed trends in diffuse irradiance is complex and inhomogeneous. An intriguing aspect of trends in global and direct irradiance is the rather abrupt decrease in annual and seasonal mean values from 1978 onward. The decreasing trends in solar radiation in China did not persist into the 1990s. The spatial and temporal patterns of trends in sunshine duration are consistent with that of global and direct irradiance. A decreasing trend in rainy days is observed over much of China, which is in agreement with the secular trend in cloud amount. The fact that trends in cloud amount and solar radiation are quite similar suggests that the cloud amount is not the primary cause for the decrease in solar radiation. Visibility in the eastern part of China has deteriorated heavily as a result of the rapid increase in aerosol loading. The statistical analysis showed that atmospheric transmission under clear conditions decreased rapidly. These facts suggest that the rapid increase in aerosol loading should be one of the principle causes for the decrease in solar radiation. The observed diurnal temperature range decreases remarkably in China, which is closely related to the increase in aerosols. The effects of anthropogenic air pollutants on climate should be further studied and included in the simulation of climate and projection of climate scenario. Keywords. Atmospheric composition and structure (Aerosol and particles; General or miscellaneous) – Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (Radiative processes)

Continuous Plankton Records: Annual Fluctuations of the Plankton in the Western English Channel, 1958–83

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 791-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Robinson ◽  
H. G. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Current Strength ◽  
English Channel ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Temperature Radiation ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
Physical Elements ◽  
The Relationship

Surveys of the plankton at a depth of 10 m in the western English Channel have been carried out at monthly intervals from 1958 onwards using Continuous Plankton Recorders to provide data on annual fluctuations in abundance of the plankton. Interpretation of these results has been attempted by empirical associations with environmental factors (salinity, sea-surface temperature, radiation, atmospheric pressure patterns, wind speed and current strength). Principal component analysis has been used to extract the main patterns of change and correlation analysis for assessing the relationship between the plankton and the environmental factors. There are complex relationships between the plankton and all environmental factors, supporting previous conclusions that the long-term changes are mediated through interaction between the plankton and the climate. Spectral analysis showed long-term trends and shorter cycles of six and three to four years in both the biological and physical elements, indicating that changes in the western Channel are responding to changes in climate over a much wider area

scholarly journals 24. Prison architecture and design: perspectives from criminology and carceral geography

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonne Jewkes ◽  
Dominique Moran
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Design ◽  
Fit For Purpose ◽  
Carceral Geography ◽  
Nuanced Understanding ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Prison Studies ◽  
Architecture And Design ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter seeks to convey why the architecture and design of prisons is pivotal to a full and nuanced understanding of ‘prison studies’. Placing prison design in historical and geographical perspectives, the chapter considers how evolving penal philosophies have been manifested in the form and fabric of prison buildings over the last two centuries. The current policy context in the UK, as new prisons have been built in Scotland and are being planned for England and Wales and Northern Ireland, is discussed. It is argued that this represents a rare opportunity not only to build new facilities that are fit-for-purpose but to re-assess how their aesthetic and spatial design might be mobilized to support a different model of criminal justice than that which has dominated since the last major wave of prison construction in the 1960s. Finally, the relationship between prisons and the communities in which they are situated is considered, and it is suggested that recently built prisons are no less a manifestation of society’s attitudes to offenders than Pentonville was in the mid-1800s. It is suggested that it may be more effective in the long term to influence public opinion through humane prison design than it is to build new prisons based on assumptions about public expectations.

Historical Writing in Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej Górny
Keyword(s):  
Historical Writing ◽  
East Central Europe ◽  
East Central ◽  
Central European ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Post War ◽  
Control Education ◽  
The 1960S

This chapter focuses on historical writing in three central European states—Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia. It looks at the long-term trends and phenomena in historical writing in the region. The first is the coexistence during the immediate post-war years of communist policy, together with more or less nationalistic historical interpretations. The next stage is typified by attempts to control education and research, and to reshape the organizational structure of historiography. An output of both of these phenomena was the ‘final’ or mature Marxist interpretations of Polish, Hungarian, Czech, and Slovak history. The next regional stage to have a considerable impact on the region’s historiography is the ‘golden age’ of the 1960s, when most of the innovative and influential books were published, and historians from East Central Europe came into closer contact with their colleagues from the western part of the continent.

Hohokam to Akimel O’Odham: Obsidian Acquisition at the Historic Period Sacate Site (GR-909), Gila River Indian Community, Arizona

2013 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris R. Loendorf ◽  
Craig M. Fertelmes ◽  
Barnaby V. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Cultural Patterns ◽  
Historic Period ◽  
South Central ◽  
Phoenix Basin ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Akimel O'odham ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Phoenix

AbstractObsidian provenance studies within the Phoenix Basin of south-central Arizona have become increasingly comprehensive during the last four decades. As a result, broad regional and temporal trends have been defined regarding Preclassic (ca. A.D. 650–1150) and Classic period (ca.A.D. 1150–1450) socioeconomic interactions in the Hohokam core area. However, Historic period patterns are still poorly understood, and these data are essential for understanding the relationship between the prehistoric Hohokam and historical Akimel O’Odham. The association between the Akimel O’Odham and Hohokam has been debated since Euro-Americans first visited the area in the late 1600s, yet this issue is still not fully resolved. This article presents analyses of historical obsidian from the Sacate site that suggest that long-term trends in cultural patterns within the Phoenix Basin continued unbroken into the Historic period. These continuities provide another line of evidence that the Akimel O’Odham are the direct cultural descendants of the Hohokam.

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