Morphological and fractal studies of polypropylene/poly(ethene-1-octene) blends during melt mixing using scanning electron microscopy

The main purpose of this work is to study how the morphology of nanofillers and dispersion and distribution level of inorganic nanofiller influence the impact behavior and fracture probability of inorganic filler filled industrial high-density polyethylene nanocomposites. For this study, nanoclay and nano-CaCO3 fillers–high-density polyethylene mixings (0, 1, 3, 5 wt.% high-density polyethylene) was prepared by melt-mixing method using a compounder system. The impact behavior was examined by charpy impact test, scanning electron microscopy, and probability theory and statistics. The level of the dispersion was characterized with scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis. The results showed rather good dispersion of both of inorganic nanofiller, with a mixture of exfoliated and confined morphology. The results indicated that the impact strength of the industrial nanocomposite decreased with the increase of inorganic particulate content. The impact reliability of the industrial nanocomposites depends on the type of nanofillers and their dispersion and distribution in the matrix.

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A Study of Fabrication Technique, Structural and Morphological Behavior of Polypropylene Reinforced with Short Natural Fiber Banana

Journal of Building Material Science ◽

10.30564/jbms.v2i2.2768 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

Author(s):

NAZRUL ISLAM ◽

M A GAFUR ◽

AMIR HOSSAIN KHAN

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Natural Fiber ◽

Spectral Band ◽

Natural Fibers ◽

Infrared Light ◽

Melt Mixing ◽

Environmental Aspect ◽

Scanning Electron

With regard to the environmental aspect it would be very interesting if natural fibers like banana, jute, and coir could be used instead of artificial fibers and synthetic products as reinforcement in some applications. Banana .Natural fibers have many advantages compared to other man made fibers. The natural fiber composites may be used in everyday applications such as lampshades, suitcases, paperweight, helmets, shower and bath units. Polypropylene composites were fabricated with untreated and alkali treated jute fiber with 10-25% loading of fiber by weight and were designated at Polypropylene Banana Composite (PPBC). The composites of biodegradable Polypropylene (PP) reinforced with short jute natural fiber was prepared by melt mixing followed by hot press molding. The micro structural analysis and morphologies of the composites were studied via infrared spectroscopy (IR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques respectively. The extensive application of infrared spectroscopy is mainly due to the concept of group vibration. Any structural change like substitution or addition of groups or atoms in a molecule affects the relative mode of vibration of the group. This causes change in IR spectral band position, change in relative intensities and appearance of new bands and disappearance of any band and splitting of a single band into two or more bands. Infrared spectroscopy can also be used to increase the utility of fiber. It deals with the interaction of infrared light with matter. The former can indicate the presence of functional groups qualitatively and the latter can provide a semi quantitative measure of their concentrations. Electron Microscopy is most widely used to obtain information regarding the morphology of fiber surfaces, especially SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). Using SEM, it is easy to determine the differences of fiber surface topography after and before treatment, and hence the formation of fiber polymer composites. Fiber deboning was also observed for untreated and treated fiber pp matrix composite. It reveals that bonding between the fiber and the matrix at the interface may be improved. These indicate that there are some kinds of interfacial contact between fiber and pp matrix due to fiber treatment. The SEM can have a magnification range from a few times to several hundred thousand times.

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Morphology, Structural, Thermal, and Tensile Properties of Bamboo Microcrystalline Cellulose/Poly(Lactic Acid)/Poly(Butylene Succinate) Composites

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13030465 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 465

Author(s):

Masrat Rasheed ◽

Mohammad Jawaid ◽

Bisma Parveez ◽

Aamir Hussain Bhat ◽

Salman Alamery

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Tensile Properties ◽

Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Melt Mixing ◽

Butylene Succinate ◽

Uniform Dispersion ◽

Scanning Electron

The present study aims to develop a biodegradable polymer blend that is environmentally friendly and has comparable tensile and thermal properties with synthetic plastics. In this work, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) extracted from bamboo-chips-reinforced poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) blend composites were fabricated by melt-mixing at 180 °C and then hot pressing at 180 °C. PBS and MCC (0.5, 1, 1.5 wt%) were added to improve the brittle nature of PLA. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermogravimetry (DTG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)), and universal testing machine were used to analyze morphology, crystallinity, physiochemical, thermal, and tensile properties, respectively. The thermal stability of the PLA-PBS blends enhanced on addition of MCC up to 1wt % due to their uniform dispersion in the polymer matrix. Tensile properties declined on addition of PBS and increased with MCC above (0.5 wt%) however except elongation at break increased on addition of PBS then decreased insignificantly on addition of MCC. Thus, PBS and MCC addition in PLA matrix decreases the brittleness, making it a potential contender that could be considered to replace plastics that are used for food packaging.

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Pathogenesis of Human Hair Defects

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010005007x ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 12-13

Author(s):

P.S. Porter ◽

T. Aoyagi ◽

R. Matta

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Human Hair ◽

Standard Techniques ◽

Scanning Electron

Using standard techniques of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), over 1000 human hair defects have been studied. In several of the defects, the pathogenesis of the abnormality has been clarified using these techniques. It is the purpose of this paper to present several distinct morphologic abnormalities of hair and to discuss their pathogenesis as elucidated through techniques of scanning electron microscopy.

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Ultrastructural Analysis of the Salivary Glands of Gromphadorhina Portentosa (Schaum)

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100080614 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 35 ◽

pp. 638-639

Author(s):

P.J. Dailey

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Salivary Glands ◽

Secretory Vesicles ◽

The Past ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Means Of Transmission ◽

Gromphadorhina Portentosa ◽

Scanning Electron ◽

Topographical Relief

The structure of insect salivary glands has been extensively investigated during the past decade; however, none have attempted scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in ultrastructural examinations of these secretory organs. This study correlates fine structure by means of SEM cryofractography with that of thin-sectioned epoxy embedded material observed by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Salivary glands of Gromphadorhina portentosa were excised and immediately submerged in cold (4°C) paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde fixative1 for 2 hr, washed and post-fixed in 1 per cent 0s04 in phosphosphate buffer (4°C for 2 hr). After ethanolic dehydration half of the samples were embedded in Epon 812 for TEM and half cryofractured and subsequently critical point dried for SEM. Dried specimens were mounted on aluminum stubs and coated with approximately 150 Å of gold in a cold sputtering apparatus.Figure 1 shows a cryofractured plane through a salivary acinus revealing topographical relief of secretory vesicles.

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Two- or three-way observations of the identical cell elements within the same sections by LM, TEM and/or SEM

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100081279 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 82-83 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nakazo Watari ◽

Yasuaki Hotta ◽

Yoshio Mabuchi

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽

Fine Structure ◽

Light Microscopy ◽

Thin Sections ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Identical Cell ◽

Electron Microscopes ◽

Scanning Electron

It is very useful if we can observe the identical cell elements within the same sections by light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and/or scanning electron microscopy (SEM) sequentially, because, the cell fine structure can not be indicated by LM, while the color is; on the other hand, the cell fine structure can be very easily observed by EM, although its color properties may not. However, there is one problem in that LM requires thick sections of over 1 μm, while EM needs very thin sections of under 100 nm. Recently, we have developed a new method to observe the same cell elements within the same plastic sections using both light and transmission (conventional or high-voltage) electron microscopes.In this paper, we have developed two new observation methods for the identical cell elements within the same sections, both plastic-embedded and paraffin-embedded, using light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and/or scanning electron microscopy (Fig. 1).

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Spontaneous Cataract in Nude Athymic Mice

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100079991 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 35 ◽

pp. 512-513

Author(s):

Ronald H. Bradley ◽

R. S. Berk ◽

L. D. Hazlett

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Nude Mouse ◽

Cellular Immunity ◽

Phosphate Buffer ◽

Osmium Tetroxide ◽

Athymic Mice ◽

Transmission Microscopy ◽

Mouse Lens ◽

Scanning Electron

The nude mouse is a hairless mutant (homozygous for the mutation nude, nu/nu), which is born lacking a thymus and possesses a severe defect in cellular immunity. Spontaneous unilateral cataractous lesions were noted (during ocular examination using a stereomicroscope at 40X) in 14 of a series of 60 animals (20%). This transmission and scanning microscopic study characterizes the morphology of this cataract and contrasts these data with normal nude mouse lens.All animals were sacrificed by an ether overdose. Eyes were enucleated and immersed in a mixed fixative (1% osmium tetroxide and 6% glutaraldehyde in Sorenson's phosphate buffer pH 7.4 at 0-4°C) for 3 hours, dehydrated in graded ethanols and embedded in Epon-Araldite for transmission microscopy. Specimens for scanning electron microscopy were fixed similarly, dehydrated in graded ethanols, then to graded changes of Freon 113 and ethanol to 100% Freon 113 and critically point dried in a Bomar critical point dryer using Freon 13 as the transition fluid.

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Scanning and Transmission Microscopy of Nematocyst Batteries in Epitheliomuscular Cells of Hydra

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100066097 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 29 ◽

pp. 410-411 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jane A. Westfall ◽

S. Yamataka ◽

Paul D. Enos

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Osmium Tetroxide ◽

External Surface ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Surface Structures ◽

Transmission Microscopy ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Scanning Electron

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provides three dimensional details of external surface structures and supplements ultrastructural information provided by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Animals composed of watery jellylike tissues such as hydras and other coelenterates have not been considered suitable for SEM studies because of the difficulty in preserving such organisms in a normal state. This study demonstrates 1) the successful use of SEM on such tissue, and 2) the unique arrangement of batteries of nematocysts within large epitheliomuscular cells on tentacles of Hydra littoralis.Whole specimens of Hydra were prepared for SEM (Figs. 1 and 2) by the fix, freeze-dry, coat technique of Small and Màrszalek. The specimens were fixed in osmium tetroxide and mercuric chloride, freeze-dried in vacuo on a prechilled 1 Kg brass block, and coated with gold-palladium. Tissues for TEM (Figs. 3 and 4) were fixed in glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide. Scanning micrographs were taken on a Cambridge Stereoscan Mark II A microscope at 10 KV and transmission micrographs were taken on an RCA EMU 3G microscope (Fig. 3) or on a Hitachi HU 11B microscope (Fig. 4).

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Microbulldozing and Microchiseling

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100062580 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 27 ◽

pp. 134-135

Author(s):

J.N. Ramsey ◽

D.P. Cameron ◽

F.W. Schneider

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Material Handling ◽

Microprobe Analysis ◽

Foreign Matter ◽

Specific Location ◽

Potential Problems ◽

Knoop Indenter ◽

Scanning Electron ◽

Microhardness Tester

As computer components become smaller the analytical methods used to examine them and the material handling techniques must become more sensitive, and more sophisticated. We have used microbulldozing and microchiseling in conjunction with scanning electron microscopy, replica electron microscopy, and microprobe analysis for studying actual and potential problems with developmental and pilot line devices. Foreign matter, corrosion, etc, in specific locations are mechanically loosened from their substrates and removed by “extraction replication,” and examined in the appropriate instrument. The mechanical loosening is done in a controlled manner by using a microhardness tester—we use the attachment designed for our Reichert metallograph. The working tool is a pyramid shaped diamond (a Knoop indenter) which can be pushed into the specimen with a controlled pressure and in a specific location.

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A New Image Processing Technique for STEM

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100052171 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 432-433

Author(s):

Yasushi Kokubo ◽

Hirotami Koike ◽

Teruo Someya

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Image Processing ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Elastic Scattering ◽

Field Emission ◽

Processing Technique ◽

Image Processing Technique ◽

Energy Analyzer ◽

Scanning Microscope ◽

Scanning Electron

One of the advantages of scanning electron microscopy is the capability for processing the image contrast, i.e., the image processing technique. Crewe et al were the first to apply this technique to a field emission scanning microscope and show images of individual atoms. They obtained a contrast which depended exclusively on the atomic numbers of specimen elements (Zcontrast), by displaying the images treated with the intensity ratio of elastically scattered to inelastically scattered electrons. The elastic scattering electrons were extracted by a solid detector and inelastic scattering electrons by an energy analyzer. We noted, however, that there is a possibility of the same contrast being obtained only by using an annular-type solid detector consisting of multiple concentric detector elements.

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