Human and Mouse ISLR (Immunoglobulin Superfamily Containing Leucine-Rich Repeat) Genes: Genomic Structure and Tissue Expression

Genomics ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akemi Nagasawa ◽  
Jun Kudoh ◽  
Setsuko Noda ◽  
Yukihiko Mashima ◽  
Alan Wright ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Structure ◽  
Tissue Expression ◽  
Immunoglobulin Superfamily ◽  
Leucine Rich Repeat ◽  
Human And Mouse

scholarly journals The sperm nucleus: chromatin, RNA, and the nuclear matrix

Reproduction ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 141 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham D Johnson ◽  
Claudia Lalancette ◽  
Amelia K Linnemann ◽  
Frédéric Leduc ◽  
Guylain Boissonneault ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Matrix ◽  
Genomic Structure ◽  
Sperm Nucleus ◽  
Nuclear Volume ◽  
Clinical Markers ◽  
Paternal Genome ◽  
Epigenetic Effects ◽  
History Of ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Human And Mouse

Within the sperm nucleus, the paternal genome remains functionally inert and protected following protamination. This is marked by a structural morphogenesis that is heralded by a striking reduction in nuclear volume. Despite these changes, both human and mouse spermatozoa maintain low levels of nucleosomes that appear non-randomly distributed throughout the genome. These regions may be necessary for organizing higher order genomic structure through interactions with the nuclear matrix. The promoters of this transcriptionally quiescent genome are differentially marked by modified histones that may poise downstream epigenetic effects. This notion is supported by increasing evidence that the embryo inherits these differing levels of chromatin organization. In concert with the suite of RNAs retained in the mature sperm, they may synergistically interact to direct early embryonic gene expression. Irrespective, these features reflect the transcriptional history of spermatogenic differentiation. As such, they may soon be utilized as clinical markers of male fertility. In this review, we explore and discuss how this may be orchestrated.

scholarly journals Alien domains shaped the modular structure of plant NLR proteins

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Andolfo ◽  
Antimo Di Donato ◽  
Pasquale Chiaiese ◽  
Antonino De Natale ◽  
Antonino Pollio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Genomic Structure ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Leucine Rich Repeat ◽  
Unicellular Alga ◽  
Unicellular Algae ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Chromochloris Zofingiensis

Abstract Plant innate immunity mostly relies on nucleotide-binding (NB) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) intracellular receptors to detect pathogen-derived molecules and to induce defense responses. A multi-taxa reconstruction of NB-domain associations allowed us to identify the first NB-LRR arrangement in the Chlorophyta division of the Viridiplantae. Our analysis points out that the basic NOD-like receptor (NLR) unit emerged in Chlorophytes by horizontal transfer and its diversification started from TIR-NB-LRR (TNL) members. The operon-based genomic structure of Chromochloris zofingiensis NLR copies suggests a functional origin of NLR clusters. Moreover, the transmembrane signatures of NLR proteins in the unicellular alga C. zofingiensis supports the hypothesis that the NLR-based immunity system of plants derives from a cell-surface surveillance system. Taken together, our findings suggest that NLRs originated in unicellular algae and may have a common origin with cell surface LRR receptors.

Human and mouse RAD17 genes: identification, localization, genomic structure and histological expression pattern in normal testis and seminoma

1999 ◽  
Vol 105 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 17-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. von Deimling ◽  
J.M. Scharf ◽  
T. Liehr ◽  
M. Rothe ◽  
A.-R. Kelter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Genomic Structure ◽  
Normal Testis ◽  
Human And Mouse

scholarly journals A splice variant acquiring an extra transcript leader region decreases the translation of glutamine synthetase gene

2003 ◽  
Vol 374 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daesung SHIN ◽  
Sangjin PARK ◽  
Chankyu PARK
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Splicing ◽  
Glutamine Synthetase ◽  
Genomic Structure ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Alternative Transcript ◽  
Exon Trapping ◽  
Exon 1 ◽  
Rapid Amplification ◽  
Altered Form ◽  
Human And Mouse

The expression of glutamine synthetase (GS), catalysing the ATP-dependent conversion of glutamate and ammonia into glutamine, is transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally regulated. The genomic structure of dog GS shown in the present study is basically similar to that of other mammals in that it is composed of seven exons and six introns. Using 5′-cRACE (where cRACE stands for circular rapid amplification of cDNA ends) and reverse transcriptase–PCR, we identified an additional exon (120 bp) in the first intron, designated in the present study as exon 1′. By means of alternative splicing, the GS gene produces an altered form of GS transcript with 5′-untranslated region (UTR) containing the exon 1′. This alternative transcript is abundantly expressed in brain, whereas it is found at lower levels in other tissues. In the human and mouse GS genes, extra exons are also found at the corresponding site of the intron 1 but with different sizes. An exon-trapping experiment for the GS gene in COS-7, Madin–Darby canine kidney and SK-N-SH cells revealed that the pattern of alternative splicing is variable in different cell types. The propensity of forming a secondary structure is predicted to be considerably higher in the presence of extra 5′-UTR, suggesting the possibility of a translational effect. To test this, we performed a reporter assay for fusions with different 5′-UTRs, demonstrating that the long form with extra 5′-UTR was translated 20- and 10-fold less than the short one in SK-N-SH and Neuro-2A cells respectively. Similarly, translations of human and mouse transcripts with extra 5′-UTRs were less efficient, showing 6–8-fold reductions in SK-N-SH cells. Furthermore, when we mutated an ATG sequence contained in the exon 1′, the suppression of translation was partially relieved, suggesting that the negative regulation by an extra 5′-UTR is, to some extent, due to an abortive translation from the upstream ATG.

scholarly journals Drug Derived Fluorescent Probes for the Specific Visualization of Cannabinoid Type 2 Receptor - A Toolbox Approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gazzi, Thais ◽  
Benjamin Brennecke ◽  
Kenneth Atz ◽  
Claudia Korn ◽  
David Sykes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Probes ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Tissue Expression ◽  
Live Cells ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Binding Data ◽  
Time Resolved Imaging ◽  
Human And Mouse

Cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB<sub>2</sub>R) is a fundamental part of the endocannabinoid signaling system (eCB system), and is known to play an important role in tissue injury, inflammation, cancer and pain. In stark contrast to its significance, the underlying signaling mechanisms and tissue expression profiles are poorly understood. Due to its low expression in healthy tissue and lack of reliable chemical tools, CB<sub>2</sub>R visualization in live cells remains uncharted. Here we report the development of a drug derived toolbox of highly potent, CB<sub>2</sub>R-selective fluorescent probes based on reverse design. Extensive validation in several applications such as CB<sub>2</sub>R detection in flow cytometry and time-resolved imaging, and the development of a novel fluorescent-based TR-FRET assay to generate kinetic and equilibrium binding data demonstrate the high versatility of our toolbox. These probes are the first to preserve affinity and efficacy in both human and mouse CB<sub>2</sub>R, a crucial aspect for preclinical translatability, and to enable imaging of CB2R internalization in living cells using confocal microscopy.

scholarly journals Expression Pattern and Gene Characterization ofAsporin

2001 ◽  
Vol 276 (15) ◽  
pp. 12212-12221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen P. Henry ◽  
Masamine Takanosu ◽  
Tanya C. Boyd ◽  
Pauline M. Mayne ◽  
Heidi Eberspaecher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Protein ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Tissue Expression ◽  
Class I ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Protein ◽  
Leucine Rich Repeat ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
Gene Characterization ◽  
N Terminus ◽  
Chromosome 9Q22

We have discovered a new member of the class I small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycan (SLRP) family which is distinct from the other class I SLRPs since it possesses a unique stretch of aspartate residues at its N terminus. For this reason, we called the moleculeasporin. The deduced amino acid sequence is about 50% identical (and 70% similar) to decorin and biglycan. However, asporin does not contain a serine/glycine dipeptide sequence required for the assembly ofO-linked glycosaminoglycans and is probably not a proteoglycan. The tissue expression ofasporinpartially overlaps with the expression ofdecorinandbiglycan. During mouse embryonic development,asporinmRNA expression was detected primarily in the skeleton and other specialized connective tissues; very littleasporinmessage was detected in the major parenchymal organs. The mouseasporingene structure is similar to that ofbiglycananddecorinwith 8 exons. Theasporingene is localized to human chromosome 9q22–9q21.3 whereasporinis part of a SLRP gene cluster that includesextracellular matrix protein 2,osteoadherin, andosteoglycin. Further analysis shows that, with the exception ofbiglycan, all known SLRP genes reside in three gene clusters.

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