Systemic expression of defense response genes in wheat spikes as a response to Fusarium graminearum infection

2001 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Pritsch ◽  
Carroll P. Vance ◽  
William R. Bushnell ◽  
David A. Somers ◽  
Thomas M. Hohn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Defense Response ◽  
Defense Response Genes

scholarly journals Fungal Development and Induction of Defense Response Genes During Early Infection of Wheat Spikes by Fusarium graminearum

2000 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Pritsch ◽  
Gary J. Muehlbauer ◽  
William R. Bushnell ◽  
David A. Somers ◽  
Carroll P. Vance
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Defense Response ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Temporal Expression ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Transcript Accumulation ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Defense Response Genes ◽  
Sumai 3

Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat is a crippling disease that causes severe economic losses in many of the wheat-growing regions of the world. Temporal patterns of fungus development and transcript accumulation of defense response genes were studied in Fusarium graminearum-inoculated wheat spikes within the first 48 to 76 h after inoculation (hai). Microscopy of inoculated glumes revealed that the fungus appeared to penetrate through stomata, exhibited subcuticular growth along stomatal rows, colonized glume parenchyma cells, and sporulated within 48 to 76 hai. No major differences in the timing of these events were found between Sumai 3 (resistant) and Wheaton (susceptible) genotypes. In complementary experiments, RNA was extracted from spikes at several time intervals up to 48 hai and temporal expression patterns were determined for defense response genes encoding peroxidase, PR-1, PR-2 (β-1,3-glucanase), PR-3 (chitinase), PR-4, and PR-5 (thaumatin-like protein). In both genotypes, transcripts for the six defense response genes accumulated as early as 6 to 12 hai during F. graminearum infection and peaked at 36 to 48 hai. Greater and earlier PR-4 and PR-5 transcript accumulation was observed in Sumai 3, compared with Wheaton. Our results show that the timing of defense response gene induction is correlated with F. graminearum infection.

scholarly journals Chitinase Gene Positively Regulates Hypersensitive and Defense Responses of Pepper to Colletotrichum acutatum Infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 6624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ali ◽  
Quan-Hui Li ◽  
Tao Zou ◽  
Ai-Min Wei ◽  
Ganbat Gombojab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Defense Response ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Chitinase Gene ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Basal Resistance ◽  
Chitin Binding Domain ◽  
Pepper Leaves ◽  
Defense Response Genes ◽  
Chitinase Genes ◽  
Pepper Plants

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum acutatum is one of the most devastating fungal diseases of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). The utilization of chitin-binding proteins or chitinase genes is the best option to control this disease. A chitin-binding domain (CBD) has been shown to be crucial for the innate immunity of plants and activates the hypersensitive response (HR). The CaChiIII7 chitinase gene has been identified and isolated from pepper plants. CaChiIII7 has repeated CBDs that encode a chitinase enzyme that is transcriptionally stimulated by C. acutatum infection. The knockdown of CaChiIII7 in pepper plants confers increased hypersensitivity to C. acutatum, resulting in its proliferation in infected leaves and an attenuation of the defense response genes CaPR1, CaPR5, and SAR8.2 in the CaChiIII7-silenced pepper plants. Additionally, H2O2 accumulation, conductivity, proline biosynthesis, and root activity were distinctly reduced in CaChiIII7-silenced plants. Subcellular localization analyses indicated that the CaChiIII7 protein is located in the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of plant cells. The transient expression of CaChiIII7 increases the basal resistance to C. acutatum by significantly expressing several defense response genes and the HR in pepper leaves, accompanied by an induction of H2O2 biosynthesis. These findings demonstrate that CaChiIII7 plays a prominent role in plant defense in response to pathogen infection.

scholarly journals A New Catalog of Structural Variants in 1,301 A. thaliana Lines from Africa, Eurasia, and North America Reveals a Signature of Balancing Selection at Defense Response Genes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Göktay ◽  
Andrea Fulgione ◽  
Angela M Hancock
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Defense Response ◽  
Balancing Selection ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Housekeeping Genes ◽  
Intermediate Frequency ◽  
Genomic Variation ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Structural Variants ◽  
Defense Response Genes

Abstract Genomic variation in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana has been extensively used to understand evolutionary processes in natural populations, mainly focusing on single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Conversely, structural variation has been largely ignored in spite of its potential to dramatically affect phenotype. Here, we identify 155,440 indels and structural variants ranging in size from 1 bp to 10 kb, including presence/absence variants (PAVs), inversions, and tandem duplications in 1,301 A. thaliana natural accessions from Morocco, Madeira, Europe, Asia, and North America. We show evidence for strong purifying selection on PAVs in genes, in particular for housekeeping genes and homeobox genes, and we find that PAVs are concentrated in defense-related genes (R-genes, secondary metabolites) and F-box genes. This implies the presence of a “core” genome underlying basic cellular processes and a “flexible” genome that includes genes that may be important in spatially or temporally varying selection. Further, we find an excess of intermediate frequency PAVs in defense response genes in nearly all populations studied, consistent with a history of balancing selection on this class of genes. Finally, we find that PAVs in genes involved in the cold requirement for flowering (vernalization) and drought response are strongly associated with temperature at the sites of origin.

scholarly journals Transcriptomics of the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae in Response to the Bacterial Antagonist Lysobacter enzymogenes Reveals Candidate Fungal Defense Response Genes

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. e76487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra M. Mathioni ◽  
Nrupali Patel ◽  
Bianca Riddick ◽  
James A. Sweigard ◽  
Kirk J. Czymmek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Defense Response ◽  
Rice Blast ◽  
Rice Blast Fungus ◽  
Lysobacter Enzymogenes ◽  
Blast Fungus ◽  
Defense Response Genes ◽  
Fungal Defense

scholarly journals GT Factor ZmGT-3b Is Associated With Regulation of Photosynthesis and Defense Response to Fusarium graminearum Infection in Maize Seedling

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qianqian Zhang ◽  
Tao Zhong ◽  
Lizhu E ◽  
Mingliang Xu ◽  
Weixing Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Defense Response ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Tf Gene

It is of critical importance for plants to correctly and efficiently allocate their resources between growth and defense to optimize fitness. Transcription factors (TFs) play crucial roles in the regulation of plant growth and defense response. Trihelix TFs display multifaceted functions in plant growth, development, and responses to various biotic and abiotic stresses. In our previous investigation of maize stalk rot disease resistance mechanism, we found a trihelix TF gene, ZmGT-3b, which is primed for its response to Fusarium graminearum challenge by implementing a rapid and significant reduction of its expression to suppress seedling growth and enhance disease resistance. The disease resistance to F. graminearum was consistently increased and drought tolerance was improved, while seedling growth was suppressed and photosynthesis activity was significantly reduced in the ZmGT-3b knockdown seedlings. Thus, the seedlings finally led to show a kind of growth–defense trade-off phenotype. Moreover, photosynthesis-related genes were specifically downregulated, especially ZmHY5, which encodes a conserved central regulator of seedling development and light responses; ZmGT-3b was confirmed to be a novel interacting partner of ZmHY5 in yeast and in planta. Constitutive defense responses were synchronically activated in the ZmGT-3b knockdown seedlings as many defense-related genes were significantly upregulated, and the contents of major cell wall components, such as lignin, were increased in the ZmGT-3b knockdown seedlings. These suggest that ZmGT-3b is involved in the coordination of the metabolism during growth–defense trade-off by optimizing the temporal and spatial expression of photosynthesis- and defense-related genes.

scholarly journals The possible roles of AtERF71 in the defense response against the Fusarium graminearum

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-192
Author(s):  
Fitri Yelli ◽  
Tomoaki Kato ◽  
Takumi Nishiuchi
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Defense Response

Expression of two wheat defense-response genes, Hfr-1 and Wci-1, under biotic and abiotic stresses

Plant Science ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 170 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhashree Subramanyam ◽  
Nagesh Sardesai ◽  
David P. Puthoff ◽  
Jason M. Meyer ◽  
Jill A. Nemacheck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Defense Response ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Defense Response Genes

scholarly journals The Resistance of Narrow-Leafed Lupin to Diaporthe toxica Is Based on the Rapid Activation of Defense Response Genes

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 574
Author(s):  
Michał Książkiewicz ◽  
Sandra Rychel-Bielska ◽  
Piotr Plewiński ◽  
Maria Nuc ◽  
Witold Irzykowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Defense Response ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Ontology Term ◽  
Legume Crop ◽  
Resistant Lines ◽  
Defense Response Genes

Narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) is a grain legume crop that is advantageous in animal nutrition due to its high protein content; however, livestock grazing on stubble may develop a lupinosis disease that is related to toxins produced by a pathogenic fungus, Diaporthe toxica. Two major unlinked alleles, Phr1 and PhtjR, confer L. angustifolius resistance to this fungus. Besides the introduction of these alleles into modern cultivars, the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance remained unsolved. In this study, resistant and susceptible lines were subjected to differential gene expression profiling in response to D. toxica inoculation, spanning the progress of the infection from the early to latent phases. High-throughput sequencing of stem transcriptome and PCR quantification of selected genes were performed. Gene Ontology term analysis revealed that an early (24 h) response in the resistant germplasm encompassed activation of genes controlling reactive oxygen species and oxylipin biosynthesis, whereas in the susceptible germplasm, it comprised induction of xyloglucan endotransglucosylases/hydrolases. During the first five days of the infection, the number of genes with significantly altered expressions was about 2.6 times higher in resistant lines than in the susceptible line. Global transcriptome reprogramming involving the activation of defense response genes occurred in lines conferring Phr1 and PhtjR resistance alleles about 4–8 days earlier than in the susceptible germplasm.

scholarly journals Gene expression profiles of peripheral blood leukocytes after endotoxin challenge in humans

2006 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shefali Talwar ◽  
Peter J. Munson ◽  
Jennifer Barb ◽  
Carmen Fiuza ◽  
Anadel Pilar Cintron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Defense Response ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Induced Defense ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Cytotoxic Lymphocytes ◽  
Endotoxin Challenge ◽  
Defense Response Genes

To define gene expression profiles that occur during the initial activation of human innate immunity, we administered intravenous endotoxin ( n = 8) or saline ( n = 4) to healthy subjects and hybridized RNA from blood mononuclear cells (0, 0.5, 6, 24, 168 h) or whole blood (0, 3, 6, 24, 168 h) to oligonucleotide probe arrays. The greatest change in mononuclear cell gene expression occurred at 6 h (439 induced and 428 repressed genes, 1% false discovery rate, and 50% fold change) including increased expression of genes associated with pathogen recognition molecules and signaling cascades linked to receptors associated with cell mobility and activation. Induced defense response genes included cytokines, chemokines, and their respective receptors, acute-phase transcription factors, proteases, arachidonate metabolites, and oxidases. Repressed defense response genes included those associated with co-stimulatory molecules, T and cytotoxic lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and protein synthesis. Gene expression profiles of whole blood had similar biological themes. Over 100 genes not typically associated with acute inflammation were differentially regulated after endotoxin. By 24 h, gene expression had returned to baseline values. Thus the inflammatory response of circulating leukocytes to endotoxin in humans is characterized by a rapid amplification and subsidence of gene expression. These results indicate that a single intravascular exposure to endotoxin produces a large but temporally short perturbation of the blood transcriptome.

scholarly journals Pseudomonas fluorescens increases mycorrhization and modulates expression of antifungal defense response genes in roots of aspen seedlings

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shalaka Shinde ◽  
Sarah Zerbs ◽  
Frank R. Collart ◽  
Jonathan R. Cumming ◽  
Philippe Noirot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Fluorescens ◽  
Defense Response ◽  
Defense Response Genes
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