Polycyclic tetramate macrolactams (PoTeM) are a fast-growing family of antibiotic natural products found in phylogenetically diverse microorganisms. Surprisingly, none of the PoTeM had been investigated for potential physiological functions in their producers. Here, we used HSAF (heat-stable antifungal factor), an antifungal PoTeM from Lysobacter enzymogenes, as a model to show that PoTeM forms complexes with iron ion, with a Ka of 2.71*106. The in vivo and in vitro data showed formation of 2:1 and 3:1 complexes between HSAF and iron ions, which were confirmed by molecular mechanical and quantum mechanical calculations. HSAF protected DNA from degradation in high concentrations of iron and H2O2 or under UV radiation. HSAF mutants of L. enzymogenes barely survived under oxidative stresses and markedly increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Exogenous addition of HSAF into the mutants significantly prevented ROS production and rescued the mutants to normal growth under the oxidative stresses. The results reveal that the function of HSAF is to protect the producer microorganism from oxidative damages, rather than as an iron-acquisition siderophore. The characteristic structure of PoTeM, 2,4-pyrrolidinedione-embedded macrolactam, may represent a new iron-chelating scaffold of microbial metabolites. Together, the study demonstrated a previously unrecognized strategy for microorganisms to modulate oxidative damages to the cells.
Importance
Polycyclic tetramate macrolactams (PoTeM) are a family of structurally distinct metabolites that have been found in a large number of bacteria. Although PoTeM exhibit diverse therapeutic properties, the physiological function of PoTeM in the producer microorganisms had not been investigated. HSAF from Lysobacter enzymogenes is an antifungal PoTeM that has been subjected to extensive studies for mechanism of biosynthesis, regulation and the antifungal activity. Using HSAF as a model system, we here showed that the characteristic structure of PoTeM, 2,4-pyrrolidinedione-embedded macrolactam, may represent a new iron-chelating scaffold of microbial metabolites. In L. enzymogenes, HSAF functions as a small molecule modulator for oxidative damages caused by iron, H2O2 and UV light. Together, the study demonstrated a previously unrecognized strategy for microorganisms to modulate oxidative damages to the cells. HSAF represents the first member of the fast growing PoTeM family of microbial metabolites whose potential biological function has been studied.