scholarly journals Fungal Development and Induction of Defense Response Genes During Early Infection of Wheat Spikes by Fusarium graminearum

2000 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Pritsch ◽  
Gary J. Muehlbauer ◽  
William R. Bushnell ◽  
David A. Somers ◽  
Carroll P. Vance
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Defense Response ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Temporal Expression ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Transcript Accumulation ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Defense Response Genes ◽  
Sumai 3

Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat is a crippling disease that causes severe economic losses in many of the wheat-growing regions of the world. Temporal patterns of fungus development and transcript accumulation of defense response genes were studied in Fusarium graminearum-inoculated wheat spikes within the first 48 to 76 h after inoculation (hai). Microscopy of inoculated glumes revealed that the fungus appeared to penetrate through stomata, exhibited subcuticular growth along stomatal rows, colonized glume parenchyma cells, and sporulated within 48 to 76 hai. No major differences in the timing of these events were found between Sumai 3 (resistant) and Wheaton (susceptible) genotypes. In complementary experiments, RNA was extracted from spikes at several time intervals up to 48 hai and temporal expression patterns were determined for defense response genes encoding peroxidase, PR-1, PR-2 (β-1,3-glucanase), PR-3 (chitinase), PR-4, and PR-5 (thaumatin-like protein). In both genotypes, transcripts for the six defense response genes accumulated as early as 6 to 12 hai during F. graminearum infection and peaked at 36 to 48 hai. Greater and earlier PR-4 and PR-5 transcript accumulation was observed in Sumai 3, compared with Wheaton. Our results show that the timing of defense response gene induction is correlated with F. graminearum infection.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization and Functional Analysis of PR-1-Like Proteins Identified from the Wheat Head Blight Fungus Fusarium graminearum

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 510-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shunwen Lu ◽  
Michael C. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Transcriptional Analysis ◽  
Fungal Genome ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Fungal Virulence

The group 1 pathogenesis-related (PR-1) proteins originally identified from plants and their homologs are also found in other eukaryotic kingdoms. Studies on nonplant PR-1-like (PR-1L) proteins have been pursued widely in humans and animals but rarely in filamentous ascomycetes. Here, we report the characterization of four PR-1L proteins identified from the ascomycete fungus Fusarium graminearum, the primary cause of Fusarium head blight of wheat and barley (designated FgPR-1L). Molecular cloning revealed that the four FgPR-1L proteins are all encoded by small open reading frames (612 to 909 bp) that are often interrupted by introns, in contrast to plant PR-1 genes that lack introns. Sequence analysis indicated that all FgPR-1L proteins contain the PR-1-specific three-dimensional structure, and one of them features a C-terminal transmembrane (TM) domain that has not been reported for any stand-alone PR-1 proteins. Transcriptional analysis revealed that the four FgPR-1L genes are expressed in axenic cultures and in planta with different spatial or temporal expression patterns. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that fungal PR-1L proteins fall into three major groups, one of which harbors FgPR-1L-2-related TM-containing proteins from both phytopathogenic and human-pathogenic ascomycetes. Low-temperature sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and proteolytic assays indicated that the recombinant FgPR-1L-4 protein exists as a monomer and is resistant to subtilisin of the serine protease family. Functional analysis confirmed that deletion of the FgPR-1L-4 gene from the fungal genome results in significantly reduced virulence on susceptible wheat. This study provides the first example that the F. graminearum–wheat interaction involves a pathogen-derived PR-1L protein that affects fungal virulence on the host.

scholarly journals Characterization of QTL and eQTL controlling early Fusarium graminearum infection and deoxynivalenol levels in a Wuhan 1 x Nyubai doubled haploid wheat population

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
François Fauteux ◽  
Yunli Wang ◽  
Hélène Rocheleau ◽  
Ziying Liu ◽  
Youlian Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Doubled Haploid ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Doubled Haploid Population ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Wheat Population ◽  
Fhb Resistance ◽  
Moderately Resistant

Abstract Background Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a major disease of cereal crops, caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum and related species. Breeding wheat for FHB resistance contributes to increase yields and grain quality and to reduce the use of fungicides. The identification of genes and markers for FHB resistance in different wheat genotypes has nevertheless proven challenging. Results In this study, early infection by F. graminearum was analyzed in a doubled haploid population derived from the cross of the moderately resistant wheat genotypes Wuhan 1 and Nyubai. Three quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified: 1AL was associated with lower deoxynivalenol content, and 4BS and 5A were associated with reduced F. graminearum infection at 2 days post inoculation. Early resistance alleles were inherited from Wuhan 1 for QTL 1AL and 4BS and inherited from Nyubai for the 5A QTL. Cis and trans expression QTL (eQTL) were identified using RNA-seq data from infected head samples. Hotspots for trans eQTL were identified in the vicinity of the 1AL and 4BS QTL peaks. Among differentially expressed genes with cis eQTL within the QTL support intervals, nine genes had higher expression associated with FHB early resistance, and four genes had higher expression associated with FHB early susceptibility. Conclusions Our analysis of genotype and gene expression data of wheat infected by F. graminearum identified three QTL associated with FHB early resistance, and linked genes with eQTL and differential expression patterns to those QTL. These findings may have applications in breeding wheat for early resistance to FHB.

Incidence of Deoxynivalenol in Wheat Flour in Argentina and GC–ECD Method Validation

2019 ◽  
Vol 102 (6) ◽  
pp. 1721-1724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercedes Cirio ◽  
Marcela Villarreal ◽  
Tomás M López Seal ◽  
Mariano E Simón ◽  
Camila S Santana Smersu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Tolerance Limits ◽  
Intermediate Precision ◽  
Median Level

Abstract Background: Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced mainly by Fusarium graminearum. This fungus is the main plant pathogen associated with Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) wheat disease, causing significant economic losses and exposing human population to severe health risks. DON production changes widely among different years and areas and its effects are larger in years with abundant rainfall and high relative humidity. To date, Argentina has not established DON tolerance limits. Objective: To validate a method using GC with electron capture detector (GC-ECD) and to provide evidence of DON contamination in Argentinean commercial wheat flour. Results: A total of 34 different flour samples were analyzed obtaining 91.2% of incidence with a mean level of 243 µg/kg and a median level of 165 µg/kg. The method showed acceptable LOD (24 µg/kg) and LOQ (79 µg/kg), relative SD (RSD) of the intermediate precision (RSD = 5.98%), recovery (89.3%) and uncertainty (14%). Conclusions: The method was successfully validated according to the studied parameters. Incidence results for DON contamination are low and in accordance with previous studies for years with low FHB incidence in wheat.

Systemic expression of defense response genes in wheat spikes as a response to Fusarium graminearum infection

2001 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Pritsch ◽  
Carroll P. Vance ◽  
William R. Bushnell ◽  
David A. Somers ◽  
Thomas M. Hohn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Defense Response ◽  
Defense Response Genes

scholarly journals The Dynamin-Like GTPase FgSey1 Plays a Critical Role in Fungal Development and Virulence in Fusarium graminearum

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuefa Chong ◽  
Chenyu Wang ◽  
Yao Wang ◽  
Yixiao Wang ◽  
Liyuan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Fungal Development ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACT Fusarium graminearum, the main pathogenic fungus causing Fusarium head blight (FHB), produces deoxynivalenol (DON), a key virulence factor, which is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Sey1/atlastin, a dynamin-like GTPase protein, is known to be required for homotypic fusion of ER membranes, but the functions of this protein are unknown in pathogenic fungi. Here, we characterized Sey1/atlastin homologue FgSey1 in F. graminearum. Like Sey1/atlastin, FgSey1 is located in the ER. The FgSEY1 deletion mutant exhibited significantly reduced vegetative growth, asexual development, DON biosynthesis, and virulence. Moreover, the ΔFgsey1 mutant was impaired in the formation of normal lipid droplets (LDs) and toxisomes, both of which participate in DON biosynthesis. The GTPase, helix bundle (HB), transmembrane segment (TM), and cytosolic tail (CT) domains of FgSey1 are essential for its function, but only the TM domain is responsible for its localization. Furthermore, the mutants FgSey1K63A and FgSey1T87A lacked GTPase activity and failed to rescue the defects of the ΔFgsey1 mutant. Collectively, our data suggest that the dynamin-like GTPase protein FgSey1 affects the generation of LDs and toxisomes and is required for DON biosynthesis and pathogenesis in F. graminearum. IMPORTANCE Fusarium graminearum is a major plant pathogen that causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheats worldwide. In addition to reducing the plant yield, F. graminearum infection of wheats also results in the production of deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxins, which are harmful to humans and animals and therefore cause great economic losses through pollution of food products and animal feed. At present, effective strategies for controlling FHB are not available. Therefore, understanding the regulation mechanisms of fungal development, pathogenesis, and DON biosynthesis is important for the development of effective control strategies of this disease. In this study, we demonstrated that a dynamin-like GTPase protein Sey1/atlastin homologue, FgSey1, is required for vegetative growth, DON production, and pathogenicity in F. graminearum. Our results provide novel information on critical roles of FgSey1 in fungal pathogenicity; therefore, FgSey1 could be a potential target for effective control of the disease caused by F. graminearum.

scholarly journals Genomic Identification of the TOR Signaling Pathway as a Target of the Plant Alkaloid Antofine in the Phytopathogen Fusarium graminearum

mBio ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Mogg ◽  
Christopher Bonner ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Johann Schernthaner ◽  
Myron Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Tor Signaling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Chemical Genomic

ABSTRACT Antofine, a phenanthroindolizidine alkaloid, is a bioactive natural product isolated from milkweeds that exhibits numerous biological activities, including anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the direct targets and mode of action of antofine have not been determined. In this report, we show that antofine displays antifungal properties against the phytopathogen Fusarium graminearum, the cause of Fusarium head blight disease (FHB). FHB does devastating damage to agriculture, causing billions of dollars in economic losses annually. We therefore sought to understand the mode of action of antofine in F. graminearum using insights from yeast chemical genomic screens. We used haploinsufficiency profiling (HIP) to identify putative targets of antofine in yeast and identified three candidate targets, two of which had homologs in F. graminearum. The Fusarium homologues of two targets, glutamate dehydrogenase (FgGDH) and resistance to rapamycin deletion 2 (FgRRD2), can bind antofine. Of the two genes, only the Fgrrd2 knockout displayed a loss of virulence in wheat, indicating that RRD2 is an antivirulence target of antofine in F. graminearum. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that antofine disrupts the interaction between FgRRD2 and FgTap42, which is part of the Tap42-phosphatase complex in the target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway, a central regulator of cell growth in eukaryotes and a pathway of extensive study for controlling numerous pathologies. IMPORTANCE Fusarium head blight caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum is a devastating disease of cereal crops worldwide, with limited effective chemical treatments available. Here we show that the natural alkaloid compound antofine can inhibit fusarium head blight in wheat. Using yeast genomic screening, we identified the TOR pathway component RRD2 as a target of antofine that is also required for F. graminearum pathogenicity.

scholarly journals Genome Sequence of Fusarium graminearum ITEM 124 (ATCC 56091), a Mycotoxigenic Plant Pathogen

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (45) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Zapparata ◽  
Daniele Da Lio ◽  
Stefania Somma ◽  
Isabel Vicente Muñoz ◽  
Luca Malfatti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Genomics ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Yield And Quality

ABSTRACT Fusarium graminearum is among the main causal agents of Fusarium head blight (FHB), or scab, of wheat and other cereals, caused by a complex of Fusarium species, worldwide. Besides causing economic losses in terms of crop yield and quality, F. graminearum poses a severe threat to animal and human health. Here, we present the first draft whole-genome sequence of the mycotoxigenic Fusarium graminearum strain ITEM 124, also providing useful information for comparative genomics studies.

QTL-specific microarray gene expression analysis of wheat resistance to Fusarium head blight in Sumai-3 and two susceptible NILs

Genome ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 409-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saber Golkari ◽  
Jeannie Gilbert ◽  
Tomohiro Ban ◽  
J. Douglas Procunier
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Subtractive Hybridization ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Suppressive Subtractive Hybridization ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Microarray Gene Expression ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Sumai 3

Fusarium head blight, predominantly caused by Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe) in North America, is a destructive disease that poses a serious threat to wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production around the world. cDNA microarrays consisting of wheat ESTs derived from a wheat – F. graminearum interaction suppressive subtractive hybridization library were used to investigate QTL-specific differential gene expression between the resistant Chinese cultivar Sumai-3 and two susceptible near isogenic lines (NILs) following inoculation with F. graminearum. Stringent conditions were employed to reduce the false discovery rate. A total of 25 wheat unigenes were found to express differentially in response to F. graminearum infection. Genes encoding pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins such as β-1,3-glucanase (PR-2), wheatwins (PR-4), and thaumatin-like proteins (PR-5) showed a significant upregulation in genotypes having the Sumai-3 3BS region. For these three genes, the gene activity was significantly less in the genotype (NIL-3) lacking the Sumai-3 3BS segment. Significant upregulation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase was detected only in the resistant Sumai-3, indicating the importance of both the 2AL and 3BS regions in the activation of effective defense responses to infection by F. graminearum. Differences in gene expression between the resistant Sumai-3 and the susceptible NILs were found to be mainly quantitative in nature.

scholarly journals Identification of long noncoding RNAs involved in resistance to downy mildew in Chinese cabbage

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Zhang ◽  
Tongbing Su ◽  
Peirong Li ◽  
Xiaoyun Xin ◽  
Yunyun Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Chinese Cabbage ◽  
Defense Response ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Long Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Susceptible Line ◽  
Resistant Lines

AbstractBrassica downy mildew, a severe disease caused by Hyaloperonospora brassicae, can cause enormous economic losses in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) production. Although some research has been reported recently concerning the underlying resistance to this disease, no studies have identified or characterized long noncoding RNAs involved in this defense response. In this study, using high-throughput RNA sequencing, we analyzed the disease-responding mRNAs and long noncoding RNAs in two resistant lines (T12–19 and 12–85) and one susceptible line (91–112). Clustering and Gene Ontology analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showed that more DEGs were involved in the defense response in the two resistant lines than in the susceptible line. Different expression patterns and proposed functions of differentially expressed long noncoding RNAs among T12–19, 12–85, and 91–112 indicated that each has a distinct disease response mechanism. There were significantly more cis- and trans-functional long noncoding RNAs in the resistant lines than in the susceptible line, and the genes regulated by these RNAs mostly participated in the disease defense response. Furthermore, we identified a candidate resistance-related long noncoding RNA, MSTRG.19915, which is a long noncoding natural antisense transcript of a MAPK gene, BrMAPK15. Via an agroinfiltration-mediated transient overexpression system and virus-induced gene silencing technology, BrMAPK15 was indicated to have a greater ability to defend against pathogens. MSTRG.19915-silenced seedlings showed enhanced resistance to downy mildew, probably because of the upregulated expression of BrMAPK15. This research identified and characterized long noncoding RNAs involved in resistance to downy mildew, laying a foundation for future in-depth studies of disease resistance mechanisms in Chinese cabbage.

Incidence of Deoxynivalenol in Wheat Flour in Argentina and GC–ECD Method Validation

2019 ◽  
Vol 102 (6) ◽  
pp. 1721-1724
Author(s):  
Mercedes Cirio ◽  
Marcela Villarreal ◽  
Tomás M. López Seal ◽  
Mariano E. Simón ◽  
Camila S. Santana Smersu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Tolerance Limits ◽  
Intermediate Precision ◽  
Median Level

Background: Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced mainly by Fusarium graminearum. This fungus is the main plant pathogen associated with Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) wheat disease, causing significant economic losses and exposing human population to severe health risks. DON production changes widely among different years and areas and its effects are larger in years with abundant rainfall and high relative humidity. To date, Argentina has not established DON tolerance limits. Objective: To validate a method using GC with electron capture detector (GC-ECD) and to provide evidence of DON contamination in Argentinean commercial wheat flour. Results: A total of 34 different flour samples were analyzed obtaining 91.2% of incidence with a mean level of 243 µg/kg and a median level of 165 µg/kg. The method showed acceptable LOD (24 µg/kg) and LOQ (79 µg/kg), relative SD (RSD) of the intermediate precision (RSD = 5.98%), recovery (89.3%) and uncertainty (14%). Conclusions: The method was successfully validated according to the studied parameters. Incidence results for DON contamination are low and in accordance with previous studies for years with low FHB incidence in wheat.

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